Table. Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Children With Upper Airway Infection (UAI) and SARS-CoV-2 During the Pre-Omicron and Omicron Periods.
| Variable | Hospitalized UAI cases, No./Total No. (%); SE | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 384) | Pre-Omicron (n = 206) | Omicron (n = 178) | ||
| % Children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 found to have UAI | 384/18 849 (2.0); 0.2 | 206/14 473 (1.4); 0.2 | 178/4376 (4.1); 0.6 | <.001 |
| Sex | .72 | |||
| Female | 132/384 (34.4); 4.9 | 79/206 (38.3); 6.8 | 53/178 (29.8); 6.9 | |
| Male | 252/384 (65.6); 4.9 | 127/206 (61.7); 6.8 | 125/178 (70.2); 6.9 | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 3.3 (3.8) | 4.4 (4.5) | 2.1 (2.1) | <.001 |
| Ethnicitya | <.001 | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 102/384 (26.6); 4.5 | 39/206 (18.9); 5.6 | 63/178 (35.4); 7.2 | |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 255/384 (66.4); 4.8 | 152/206 (73.8); 6.2 | 103/1785 (7.9); 7.5 | |
| Missing/unknown | 27/384 (7.0); 2.7 | <20 (<9.7) | <20 (<11) | |
| Racea | <.001 | |||
| Asian | <20 (<5.2) | <20 (<9.7) | <20 (<11) | |
| Black or African American | 50/384 (13.0); 3.5 | 40/206 (19.4); 5.4b | <20 (<11) | |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | <20 (<5.2) | <20 (<9.7) | <20 (<11) | |
| White | 222/384 (57.8); 5.0 | 114/206 (55.3); 7.0 | 108/178 (60.7); 7.4 | |
| Otherc | 89/384 (23.2); 4.3 | 46/206 (22.3); 5.9 | 43/178 (24.2); 6.5 | |
| Missing/unknown | <20 (<5.2) | <20 (<9.7) | <20 (<11) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Known BMI | 91/384 (23.7); 4.4 | 71/206 (34.5); 6.7 | 201/178 (11.2); 4.9 | <.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥95th percentile)d | <20 (<5.2) | <20 (<9.7) | <20 (<11) | NA |
| Diabetes (type 1 or 2) | <20 (<5.2) | <20 (<9.7) | <20 (<11) | NA |
| Asthma | 42/384 (10.9); 3.3 | 40/206 (19.4); 5.4b | <20 (<11) | .41 |
| Medications received | ||||
| Dexamethasone | 114/384 (29.7); 4.7 | 75/206 (36.4); 6.8 | 39/178 (21.9); 6.3 | <.001 |
| Systemic antibiotic | 100/384 (26.0); 4.5 | 80/206 (38.8); 6.9b | <20 (<11) | <.001 |
| SARS-CoV-2 severitye | <.001 | |||
| Moderate | 303/384 (78.9); 4.2 | 131/206 (63.6); 6.8 | 172/178 (96.6); 3.1 | |
| Severe | 81/384 (21.1); 4.2 | 80/206 (38.8); 6.8b | <20 (<11) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 76/384 (19.8); 4.1 | 70/206 (34.0); 6.7b | <20 (<11) | |
| Vasoactive inotropes | 34/384 (8.9); 3.0 | 30/206 (14.6); 5.2b | <20 (<11) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NA, not applicable; SE, standard error.
The method by which each N3C site determines and stores race and ethnicity information is at the discretion of each participating health care site. Race and ethnicity variables were included in this analysis to help identify factors associated with development of UAI among children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2.
Result rounded to the nearest 10 to avoid exposure of cell values under 20 (as per N3C policy). Percentages are represented as if n = 20.
Includes patients with a race value reported to the N3C by the health care site of other, other race, more than 1 race, or multiple race.
BMI calculated as per the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines with obesity defined as any child 2 years and older with a BMI ≥95th percentile for age and sex. Percentages reported in the obese row represent the percentage of patients with a known BMI who had a BMI greater than 95th percentile for age and sex.
Severe disease includes children requiring invasive ventilation, vasoactive inotropes, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support or who died, whereas moderate disease includes hospitalized children without any of these. The number of patients who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support and the number of patients who died were both <20 and are not shown.