Table 2.
Associations between rest-activity rhythm characteristics and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels a in adults in NHANES 2011–2014.
| Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, OR (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low vs. Normal | Prediabetic vs. Normal | Diabetic vs. Normal | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| F statistic | ||||||
| Q1 | 1.39 (0.87, 2.23) | 1.45 (0.92, 2.28) | 1.76 (1.37, 2.25) | 1.30 (1.03, 1.64) | 3.85 (2.82, 5.26) | 2.37 (1.72, 3.26) |
| Q2 | 1.31 (0.86, 2.01) | 1.37 (0.87, 2.14) | 1.72 (1.27, 2.34) | 1.39 (1.03, 1.87) | 3.38 (2.44, 4.69) | 2.33 (1.68, 3.23) |
| Q3 | 0.99 (0.68, 1.42) | 1.01 (0.71, 1.45) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.56) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.34) | 2.12 (1.48, 3.04) | 1.67 (1.16, 2.40) |
| Q4 | 1.54 (1.13, 2.11) | 1.53 (1.11, 2.11) | 1.48 (1.15, 1.90) | 1.41 (1.10, 1.82) | 1.68 (1.12, 2.52) | 1.50 (0.97, 2.32) |
| Q5 (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| p-trend | .36 | .36 | <.0001 | .003 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Amplitude | ||||||
| Q1 | 1.07 (0.69, 1.66) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.64) | 1.26 (0.85, 1.87) | 1.10 (0.76, 1.59) | 3.24 (2.19, 4.79) | 2.44 (1.60, 3.72) |
| Q2 | 1.05 (0.71, 1.53) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.40) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 2.02 (1.24, 3.31) | 1.89 (1.16, 3.08) |
| Q3 | 1.13 (0.81, 1.59) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.46) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.38) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | 1.57 (1.09, 2.25) | 1.77 (1.23, 2.56) |
| Q4 | 0.97 (0.70, 1.36) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) | 1.27 (0.84, 1.92) | 1.41 (0.94, 2.11) |
| Q5 (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| p-trend | .54 | .75 | .24 | .73 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Mesor | ||||||
| Q1 | 1.29 (0.85, 1.97) | 1.24 (0.83, 1.87) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) | 1.54 (1.16, 2.05) | 1.39 (1.01, 1.91) |
| Q2 | 1.26 (0.87, 1.83) | 1.25 (0.85, 1.85) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.49) | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) |
| Q3 | 1.25 (0.91, 1.73) | 1.24 (0.90, 1.71) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.32) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.46) |
| Q4 | 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.25) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.91) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.26) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.45) |
| Q5 (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| p-trend | .07 | .09 | .69 | .76 | <.0001 | .02 |
| Amplitude:Mesor | ||||||
| Q1 | 0.98 (0.69, 1.39) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.36) | 1.28 (0.92, 1.77) | 1.13 (0.82, 1.56) | 2.63 (1.89, 3.66) | 2.09 (1.46, 2.99) |
| Q2 | 0.75 (0.55, 1.00) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.90) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) | 1.35 (0.87, 2.09) | 1.44 (0.93, 2.23) |
| Q3 | 1.14 (0.82, 1.59) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.48) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.28) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) | 1.13 (0.79, 1.61) | 1.29 (0.92, 1.81) |
| Q4 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.26) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.71, 1.32) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.57) | 1.30 (0.90, 1.89) |
| Q5 (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| p-trend | .66 | .50 | .20 | .57 | <.0001 | .0001 |
| Acrophase | ||||||
| Q1 (ref) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 0.95 (0.61, 1.48) | 0.93 (0.60, 1.42) | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.69) | 1.22 (0.82, 1.83) |
| Q3 | 0.98 (0.66, 1.46) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.41) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.79, 1.41) | 1.16 (0.85, 1.58) |
| Q4 | 0.76 (0.54, 1.06) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.04) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | 1.14 (0.82, 1.59) | 1.18 (0.87, 1.60) |
| Q5 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.25) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.22) | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 1.72 (1.25, 2.38) | 1.46 (1.07, 2.00) |
| p-trend | .26 | .20 | .32 | .55 | .001 | .01 |
a HbA1c level groups are defined as: low (N = 514), <5%; normal (N = 3448), 5–5.6%; prediabetic (N = 1749), 5.7–6.4%; diabetic (N = 1264), ≥6.5% or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes or use of diabetes medication.
Model 1: adjusted for age and gender.
Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 and race/ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, and total energy intake.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, odds ratio.