Table 3.
The association of step cadence with incident diabetes, HCHS/SOL cohort (2008–2017)
| Step metric - per day | diabetes based on self-reported diagnosis, medications, labs (3 criteria definition) n = 6634 | diabetes based on medications and labs (2 criteria definition) n = 6633 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adjusted IR per 10,000 p-years | HR (95% CI) | adjusted IR per 10,000 p-years | HR (95% CI) | |
| Peak 30 cadence, step/min | ||||
| < 60 | 9.5 (2.1, 44.0) | ref | 3.3 (0.5, 23.3) | ref |
| 60 - < 80 | 8.7 (1.9, 40.0) | 0.90(0.70,1.15) | 2.9 (0.4, 19.6) | 0.86(0.64,1.16) |
| 80 - < 100 | 7.8 (1.7, 36.3) | 0.79(0.62,1.02) | 2.6 (0.4, 18.5) | 0.75(0.55,1.02) |
| > 100 | 5.6 (1.2, 26.3) | 0.58(0.41,0.82) | 1.8 (0.2, 12.9) | 0.56(0.35,0.89) |
| p for trend | 0.001 | 0.006 | ||
| per 10 step/min increase | 0.95(0.91,0.99) | 0.93(0.88,0.98) | ||
| Minutes spent at different cadence | ||||
| > 40 steps/min, min per day | ||||
| < 33 | 9.2 (2.0, 42.9) | ref | 3.0 (0.4, 20.6) | ref |
| 33 - < 55 | 9.3 (2.0, 43.4) | 1.03(0.79,1.33) | 2.9 (0.4, 19.8) | 0.98(0.73,1.33) |
| 55 - < 87 | 8.5 (1.8, 40.4) | 0.91(0.71,1.17) | 2.8 (0.4, 18.8) | 0.89(0.65,1.21) |
| > 87 | 7.4 (1.5, 36.0) | 0.78(0.57,1.07) | 2.0 (0.3, 13.3) | 0.61(0.43,0.86) |
| p for trend | 0.092 | 0.007 | ||
| per 10 min | 0.98(0.96,1.00) | 0.97(0.94,1.00) | ||
| > 70 steps/min, min per day | ||||
| < 10 | 9.8 (2.1, 45.0) | ref | 3.2 (0.5, 22.4) | ref |
| 10 - < 21 | 8.9 (2.0, 40.9) | 0.92(0.71,1.18) | 3.1 (0.5, 21.4) | 0.99(0.73,1.34) |
| 21 - < 39 | 9.3 (2.0, 43.6) | 0.96(0.75,1.23) | 2.9 (0.4, 20.4) | 0.88(0.66,1.17) |
| > 39 | 6.7 (1.5, 30.7) | 0.68(0.51,0.91) | 2.1 (0.3, 14.6) | 0.65(0.45,0.94) |
| p for trend | 0.024 | 0.016 | ||
| per 10 min | 0.95(0.90,1.00) | 0.93(0.87,0.99) | ||
| > 100 steps/min, min per day | ||||
| < 2 | 9.8 (2.1, 44.9) | ref | 3.5 (0.5, 24.2) | ref |
| 2 - < 7 | 9.3 (2.0, 43.3) | 0.92(0.71,1.20) | 3.0 (0.5, 20.4) | 0.83(0.61,1.13) |
| 7 - < 17 | 8.8 (1.9, 40.4) | 0.90(0.71,1.15) | 3.2 (0.5, 21.9) | 0.97(0.73,1.29) |
| > 17 | 6.8 (1.5, 30.9) | 0.69(0.53,0.89) | 2.1 (0.3, 14.6) | 0.64(0.47,0.89) |
| p for trend | 0.006 | 0.018 | ||
| per 10 min | 0.93(0.86,1.00) | 0.92(0.83,1.02) | ||
| Percent of steps at > 100 steps/min, % | ||||
| per 10% | 0.94(0.87,1.01) | 0.95(0.86,1.04) | ||
Models adjusted for age (continuous), quadratic term for age, sex (male, female), Latino background by HCHS/SOL field center (17 level categorical variable), education (< high school/no GED, high school/GED, > high school), married/partner status (yes, no), employment (yes, no), years in the US (born in US, < 10 years, > 10 years), self-rated general health (excellent/very good, good, fair/poor), mobility limitations (yes, no), cigarette pack years (continuous), alcoholic drinks per week (continuous), energy intake (continuous), AHEI-2010 (continuous) and accelerometer wear time (continuous, hours per day)
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, IR incidence rate, p-years person-years