Table 1.
Summary of study characteristics
| Author, Year | Study Place | Population | Number of participants | Participant characteristics | Response rate | Variables significantly related to turnover intention | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) Mean± SD | % Male | ||||||
| 1. Skrupky et al, 2020 | US | Registered pharmacists | 2231 | 50% had age between 35- 64 years | 28.7% | 69.30% | •Pharmacist wellbeing |
| 2. Leupold et al, 2013 | US | Retail pharmacists | 143 | 50.6± 11.5 | 59.9% | 6.37% | •Job satisfaction •Job embeddedness •Perceived organizational support •Job-embeddedness organizational activities |
| 3. Hardigan et al, 2010 | US | Registered pharmacists | 533 | 45 | 45% | 23% | •Job satisfaction |
| 4. Gaither et al, 2008 | US | Registered pharmacists | 2250 | 46± 13 | 57% | 46% | •Job satisfaction •Organizational commitment •Career commitment •Job stress •Work-home conflict •Role overload •Role conflict •Role ambiguity •Availability of acceptable job •Compensation & advancement •Environmental aspect •Interpersonal interactions |
| 5. O’Neill et al, 2007 | US | Community Pharmacists | 252 | - | 60% | 33% | •Organizational identification |
| 6. Gaither et al, 2007 | US | Registered pharmacists | 1542 | 49.3± 13.4 | 52.6% | 30% | •Rate workload •Effect of workload |
| 7. Arndt et al, 2006 | US | Registered pharmacists | 313 | Average age was between 40-55 years | 52.7% | 31.30% | •Job satisfaction •Distributive fairness •Career stage |
| 8. Garber et al, 2005 | US | Military Pharmacists | 469 | 37.6± 8.0 | 63.2% | 83% | •Organizational commitment •Reciprocity-based obligation with organization •Patient care performance •Balance of exchange with organization •Responsibility of household activities |
| 9. Kahaleh et al, 2003 | US | Registered pharmacists | 421 | 47± 12 | 56% | 40% | •Organizational commitment •Organizational loyalty |
| 10. Gaither, 1999 | US | Registered pharmacists | 653 | - | 70.4% | 71% | •Job satisfaction •Organizational commitment |
| 11. Gaither, 1998 | US | Community pharmacists | 653 | - | 70% | 70.90% | •Organizational commitment •Career commitment |
| 12. James, 1990 | US | primary practice pharmacists | 1510 | 43.2± 11.8 | 70.8% | 66% | •Organizational commitment •Career commitment |
| 13. Seston et al, 2009 | UK | Registered pharmacists | 32181 | 40± 10.75 Range: 21-64 |
40.3% | 76.60% | •Job satisfaction |
| 14. Urbonas et al, 2015 | Lithuania | Community pharmacists | 324 | - | - | 77.10% | •Organizational commitment •Perceived organizational support |
| 15. Lan et al, 2020 | Taiwan | Teaching hospital pharmacists | 101 | 32.2± 9.8 Range: 21-70 |
24.8% | 91.82% | •Workplace burnout •Organizational climate •Job stress |
| 16. Yeh et al, 2010 | Taiwan | Hospital pharmacists | 247 | 37 | 36% | 22.30% | •Job satisfaction •Insomnia •Reducing work hours •Changing job-content intention •Stress of dispensing •Stress of work climates •Stress of consultation •Stress of pharmacy management •Stress of hospital rules •Stress of healthcare industry environment |
| 17. Lin et al, 2008 | Taiwan | Hospital pharmacists | 182 | 83.6% had age between 20- 49 years | 33% | 16.40% | •Job satisfaction •Job stress •Reducing work-hour intention •Physical environment |
| 18. Chua et al, 2014 | Malaysia | Registered pharmacists (public sector) | 247 | 27 (median) | 16.2% | 52.9% | •Job satisfaction •Organizational commitment |
| 19. Al-Muallem et al, 2019 | Saudi Arabia | Registeredpharmacists | 325 | 79.1% had age between 25 – 40 years | 42.2% | 63.10% | •Job satisfaction •Organizational commitment |
| 20. Nakpun et al, 2020 | Thailand | Community pharmacists | 209 | 32.3 | 25.84% | 14.52% | •Pharmacist engagement •Organizational resources (Training & development, payment & recognition, and physical working condition) •Job characteristics (Autonomy, job skill variety, task significance, and task identity) •Social support (from supervisor or peer) |