Fig. 3.

Colesevelam decreases Western diet-induced hepatic fibrosis in microbiome-humanized mice. Microbiome-humanized C57BL/6 mice were fed a chow diet (n = 5) or Western diet (n = 14–15) with or without colesevelam for 20 weeks. a–c Hepatic mRNA expression of a Tgfb1, b Timp1, and c Col1a1. d Hepatic hydroxyproline content. e Representative liver sections after Sirius Red staining (bar size = 100 $\mu$m). Results expressed as mean ± s.e.m. p values are determined by Mann–Whitney test (a, c) or One-way ANOVA with Holm’s post-hoc test (b, d). *p < 0.05. Col1a1, collagen type I alpha 1; Tgfb1, transforming growth factor-beta 1; Timp1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1