Table 1.
Characteristics of participants: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study.
| Total (N = 15,012) | Total EPDS scorea | p-valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-PDS (n = 13,046) | PDS (n = 1966) | ||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 31.9 (4.9) | 32.0 (4.8) | 31.1 (5.0) | < 0.001 | |||
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 7257 (48.3) | 5973 (45.8) | 1284 (65.3) | < 0.001 | |||
| Cesarean section, n (%) | 3465 (23.1) | 3008 (23.1) | 457 (23.3) | 0.85 | |||
| Educational attainment, n (%) | 0.0014 | ||||||
| High school or lower | 3172 (21.1) | 2728 (20.9) | 444 (22.6) | ||||
| College | 3847 (25.6) | 3373 (25.9) | 474 (24.1) | ||||
| University or higher | 2919 (19.5) | 2585 (19.8) | 334 (17.0) | ||||
| Missing | 5074 (33.8) | 4360 (33.4) | 714 (36.3) | ||||
| Household income, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| ≤ 3.99 million Japanese yen | 5346 (35.6) | 4490 (34.4) | 856 (43.5) | ||||
| 4.00–5.99 million Japanese yen | 4914 (32.7) | 4263 (32.7) | 651 (33.1) | ||||
| ≥ 6.00 million Japanese yen | 4752 (31.7) | 4293 (32.9) | 459 (23.4) | ||||
| Social isolation during pregnancy, n (%) | 2892 (19.3) | 2313 (17.7) | 579 (29.5) | < 0.001 | |||
| Dimensions in the EPDS, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Depressed mood | 0.30 (0.85) | 0.078 (0.33) | 1.73 (1.57) | < 0.001 | |||
| Anxiety | 4.10 (2.26) | 3.58 (1.88) | 7.55 (1.37) | < 0.001 | |||
| Anhedonia | 0.18 (0.54) | 0.069 (0.31) | 0.89 (1.01) | < 0.001 | |||
| Subscales of the short-form EPQ-R, mean (SD) | |||||||
| Neuroticism score | 5.79 (3.02) | 5.44 (2.92) | 8.10 (2.62) | < 0.001 | |||
| Extraversion score | 5.86 (3.28) | 6.01 (3.26) | 4.86 (3.19) | < 0.001 | |||
| Psychoticism score | 2.41 (1.57) | 2.43 (1.57) | 2.27 (1.58) | < 0.001 | |||
| Lie score | 5.28 (2.37) | 5.36 (2.36) | 4.74 (2.36) | < 0.001 | |||
EPDS, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale; EPQ-R, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised; PDS, postpartum depressive symptoms; SD, standard deviation.
aTotal EPDS score was dichotomized into non-PDS (score ≤ 8) and PDS (score ≥ 9).
bObtained using Student's t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables, comparing non-PDS and PDS groups.