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. 2022 Apr 16;13(4):355. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04775-z

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Iron accumulation in macrophages promotes M1 polarization in three main ways. M1 markers such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β increase and M2 markers like TGM2 decrease. Iron overload can enhance glycolysis and cause M1 type. Besides, the rise of ROS level and p53 acetylation can also lead to M1 macrophages.