Table 3.
Random-effects Poisson regression DID estimates of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on participants’ MVPA and recreational walking based on area deprivation levels.
| MVPA |
Recreational Walking |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
|
| Beta (S.E) | Beta (S.E) | Beta (S.E) | Beta (S.E) | |
| Time | −0.25** (0.055) | −0.073 (0.072) | −0.181** (0.052) | −0.023 (0.07) |
| ADI | −0.037 (0.109) | 0.096 (0.13) | −0.118 (0.095) | 0.057 (0.133) |
| Time X ADI | −0.119 (0.112) | −0.036 (0.115) | −0.246* (0.106) | −0.291* (0.118) |
| Individual covariate | ||||
| Agea | 0.007 (0.004) | 0.006 (0.005) | 0.012** (0.003) | 0.01 (0.005) |
| Female | −0.197 (0.117) | −0.236 (0.138) | −0.104 (0.107) | −0.084 (0.122) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.167 (0.152) | −0.099 (0.194) | 0.293* (0.129) | −0.147 (0.155) |
| Education | ||||
| College degree or more | 0.108 (0.111) | 0 (0.135) | 0.022 (0.096) | 0.012 (0.115) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Divorced, widowed, or separated | 0.037 (0.17) | 0.005 (0.174) | 0.035 (0.138) | 0.047 (0.152) |
| Never married | 0.047 (0.123) | −0.011 (0.141) | −0.153 (0.113) | −0.066 (0.135) |
| Household income | ||||
| $20,000-$39,999 | 0.052 (0.15) | 0.012 (0.169) | 0.019 (0.14) | 0.009 (0.159) |
| $40,000-$59,999 | 0.402* (0.162) | 0.088 (0.21) | 0.111 (0.159) | −0.121 (0.19) |
| $60,000-$79,999 | −0.003 (0.195) | −0.504* (0.242) | 0.035 (0.176) | −0.181 (0.218) |
| $80,000-$99,999 | 0.442* (0.219) | −0.005 (0.28) | 0.248 (0.178) | −0.075 (0.223) |
| $100,000+ | 0.293 (0.185) | −0.103 (0.26) | 0.384* (0.196) | 0.05 (0.235) |
| Employed b | 0.095 (0.14) | −0.048 (0.123) | 0.1 (0.15) | −0.09 (0.18) |
| Health condition b | 0.583** (0.107) | 0.596** (0.122) | 0.318** (0.119) | 0.319* (0.144) |
| Concerns about COVID-19 | −0.056 (0.112) | −0.031 (0.132) | −0.215* (0.1) | −0.136 (0.11) |
| Neighborhood covariate | ||||
| Outdoor recreations | ||||
| Either parks or green spaces | 0.053 (0.132) | −0.059 (0.149) | 0.052 (0.117) | −0.034 (0.136) |
| Both parks and green spaces | 0.101 (0.145) | 0.157 (0.209) | −0.08 (0.141) | −0.103 (0.179) |
| Indoor recreations | ||||
| Either gyms or shopping malls | −0.055 (0.155) | −0.019 (0.172) | 0.184 (0.127) | 0.213 (0.137) |
| Both gyms and shopping malls | 0.168 (0.119) | 0.134 (0.161) | 0.174 (0.107) | 0.182 (0.134) |
| Neighborhood aesthetics | 0.329** (0.105) | 0.365* (0.134) | 0.23* (0.097) | 0.21 (0.114) |
| Neighborhood crime | −0.036 (0.122) | 0.281 (0.165) | −0.269* (0.104) | −0.002 (0.133) |
| Constant | 2.845** (0.525) | 3.336** (0.583) | ||
| Observation | 965 | 1,034 | ||
| Within-person | 527 | 565 | ||
| AIC | 48,259.75 | 43,182.77 | ||
Note: Coefficient (Standard errors) and * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ADI: area deprivation index.
a
continuous variable
b
time-variant variables.