Table 1.

Comparison of different types of programmed cell death in cells manifesting immunogenicity

Type of cell death	DAMPs characteristic of ICD	“Eat-me” signals	Inflammation	Immunogenicity	Terminal cellular events
Apoptosis	Ecto-CRT, secretion of HMGB1 and ATP	Ecto-CRT, HSP70, HSP90, exposure of PS	-	+	Nonlytic pathway, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic bodies
Autophagy	Release of HMGB1 and ATP	Secretion of LPC, exposure of PS	-	+	Nonlytic pathway, autophagic bodies
Necroptosis	Long genomic DNA, IL-6 [30], ATP, and HMGB1 [31]	Secretion of LPC, exposure of PS, low level of ecto-CRT [31]	+	++	Nonlytic pathway, loss of plasma membrane integrity, swelling of cellular organelles
Pyroptosis	Release of HMGB1, ATP, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α	Exposure of PS	+	++	Lytic pathway, plasma membrane rupture, release of the cell contents

Note. The degree of immunogenicity for each type of cell death was assessed as + and ++ depending on the intensity of “eat-me” signals and the level of DAMP release [30].