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. 2022 Apr 17;10:62. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01255-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2024

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — BCCAO disrupts gut function and microbial ecology. A–C Intestinal motility test (n = 5/group): A Representative images and B quantitative analysis showing the distribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in gastrointestinal segments. C Concentration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in portal venous blood. D Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS)-stained mature goblet cells from colon sections, and E calculation of mature goblet cells per 15 upper crypts/rat (n = 5 Sham, n = 6 BCCAO). Scale bar, 20 μm. F-H mRNA levels of mucins (Muc2, Muc4), tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10) in colon cells (n = 6/group). I, J Comparison of Chao1 index (I) and Shannon index (J) between the groups (n = 15/group). K Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot established based on unweighted UniFrac distance (n = 15/group). L Bar plots of the relative abundance of f_Ruminococcaceae and f_Prevotellaceae and g_Bifidobacterium, g_Bacteroides, g_Clostridium, g_[Eubacterium], g_Blautia, g_Roseburia, and g_Coprococcus (n = 15/group). The data represent the mean ± SEM, p < 0.05 was set as the threshold for significance. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the sham group