TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients by clinical outcomes
| Variables | Non‐amputation (n = 500) | Minor amputation (n = 71) | Major amputation (n = 47) | P value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age, years | 66.0 ± 12.3 | 68.1 ± 10.4 | 66.4 ± 12.7 | .843 |
| Sex | .327 | |||
| Male, % | 62.6 | 60.6 | 55.3 | |
| Female, % | 37.4 | 39.4 | 44.7 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.2 ± 7.8 | 22.5 ± 3.4* | 22.8 ± 3.4 | .007 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 9.71 ± 7.51 | 10.8 ± 10.2 | 6.98 ± 6.24#▲ | .185 |
| Smoking history, pack‐years | 15.2 ± 28.7 | 12.9 ± 23.7 | 13.3 ± 31.7 | .591 |
| Pre‐hospital delay, days | 47.1 ± 81.2 | 53.9 ± 103.9 | 73.8 ± 95.9# | .010 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension, % | 56.0 | 66.2 | 42.6▲ | .438 |
| Coronary heart disease, % | 24.8 | 32.4 | 17.0 | .708 |
| Heart failure, % | 18.0 | 23.9 | 14.9 | .921 |
| Cerebral infarction, % | 15.6 | 18.3 | 10.6 | .621 |
| Diabetic neuropathy, % | 75.4 | 64.8 | 66.0 | .041 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, % | 32.2 | 26.8 | 23.4 | .140 |
| Diabetic nephropathy, % | 45.2 | 47.9 | 31.9 | .196 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, % | 36.4 | 42.3 | 36.2 | .687 |
| Arterial occlusion, % | 16.2 | 25.4 | 6.4▲ | .553 |
| Gangrene, % | 16.0 | 73.2* | 72.3# | <.001 |
| Prior DFU, % | 24.8 | 29.6 | 25.5 | .629 |
| Prior amputation, % | 4.8 | 9.9 | 10.6 | .032 |
| Clinical and laboratory data | ||||
| HbA1c, % | 8.65 ± 3.92 | 9.28 ± 4.94 | 9.61 ± 4.29 | .086 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 71.0 ± 32.2 | 78.0 ± 41.5 | 82.0 ± 36.6 | .086 |
| Random blood glucose, mmol/L | 14.6 ± 8.5 | 16.3 ± 7.3 | 16.2 ± 7.8 | .082 |
| White blood cell, g/L | 8.08 ± 4.27 | 10.3 ± 5.1* | 12.4 ± 5.4#▲ | <.001 |
| Percentage of neutrophils, % | 68.9 ± 13.0 | 75.0 ± 10.8* | 78.3 ± 9.4# | <.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 116.0 ± 21.3 | 106.1 ± 22.0* | 98.7 ± 20.8# | <.001 |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.06 ± 0.81 | 3.85 ± 0.50* | 3.92 ± 0.88 | .005 |
| Serum sodium, mmol/L | 138.7 ± 8.9 | 137.1 ± 4.7* | 136.5 ± 4.8# | <.001 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 110.3 ± 114.2 | 107.1 ± 119.2 | 115.7 ± 180.8#▲ | .283 |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 35.4 ± 6.8 | 33.1 ± 5.8* | 29.6 ± 6.1#▲ | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.27 ± 1.18 | 4.25 ± 1.22 | 3.69 ± 1.18#▲ | .126 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.67 ± 1.25 | 1.59 ± 0.74 | 1.40 ± 0.58 | .879 |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.47 ± 0.84 | 2.46 ± 0.93 | 2.14 ± 0.82# | .137 |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.07 ± 0.45 | 1.00 ± 0.31 | 0.84 ± 0.30#▲ | <.001 |
| Medication history | ||||
| Antihyperglycemic drugs use | 45.2 | 49.3 | 21.3#▲ | .026 |
| Insulin use | 45.8 | 35.2 | 34.0 | .056 |
| Classification systems | ||||
| Wagner classification system | <.001 | |||
| 0‐3, % | 90.6 | 35.2* | 23.4# | |
| 4‐5, % | 9.4 | 64.8* | 76.6# | |
| WIfI classification system | ||||
| Wound | <.001 | |||
| 0‐2, % | 94.8 | 78.9* | 61.7#▲ | |
| 3, % | 5.2 | 21.1* | 38.3#▲ | |
| Ischaemia, % | 59.8 | 78.9* | 83.0# | <.001 |
| Foot infection | <.001 | |||
| 0‐2, % | 96.6 | 88.7* | 83.0# | |
| 3, % | 3.4 | 11.3* | 17.0# | |
Note: P values in the table were the results of the trend test between the three groups. P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. Bold values indicated significant trend toward increasing or decreasing between no amputation group, minor amputation group, and major amputation group.
Abbreviations: DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Indicated significant difference between no amputation group and minor amputation group; # indicated significant difference between no amputation group and major amputation group; ▲ means significant difference between minor amputation group and major amputation group, respectively.