Table 3.
Associations Between Self-Reported Menstrual Alterations and Sociodemographic Characteristics, Self-Reported Health, Gynecological Diagnosis, and Use of Hormonal Contraception, Among All Participants, Participants Reporting No History of COVID-19 and Participants Reporting a COVID-19 Diagnosis (N=14,773)
| All Participants (N=14,773) | No History of COVID-19 (N=11,734) | Self-Reported COVID-19 Diagnosis (N=1865) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | aOR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 26–35 | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | 0.004 | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.005 | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | 0.055 |
| 36–45 | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.63–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 0.139 |
| 46–55 | 0.80 (0.68–0.95) | 0.012 | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | 0.010 | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 0.675 |
| Country of birth | ||||||
| Spain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Other | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 0.109 | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 0.939 | 1.26 (0.78–2.04) | 0.346 |
| Administrative situation | ||||||
| Spanish nationality | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Other administrative situation | 1.07 (0.86–1.32) | 0.542 | 1.07 (0.86–1.32) | 0.542 | 0.99 (0.54–1.80) | 0.963 |
| Employment situation | ||||||
| Working full-time/part-time | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) | 0.037 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.022 | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.857 |
| Self-employed | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 0.154 | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) | 0.165 | 1.31 (0.85–2.01) | 0.225 |
| Studying full-time/part-time | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.019 | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 0.003 | 1.04 (0.76–1.40) | 0.824 |
| On benefits (unemployment, COVID-19 benefits, retirement and other benefits) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 0.124 | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 0.039 | 0.83 (0.53–1.28) | 0.391 |
| Unpaid carer/houseworker | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) | 0.064 | 1.29 (1.05–1.58) | 0.015 | 0.67 (0.38–1.20) | 0.177 |
| Completed education | ||||||
| Primary education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Secondary education | 1.25 (0.86–1.82) | 0.250 | 1.30 (0.87–1.96) | 0.207 | 0.47 (0.14–1.54) | 0.212 |
| University education | 1.34 (0.92–1.96) | 0.124 | 1.46 (0.97–2.18) | 0.070 | 0.43 (0.13–1.41) | 0.163 |
| Carer | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.75–0.91) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.001 | 0.76 (0.57–1.03) | 0.077 |
| Financial problems <12 months | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Some/A few times | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.03–1.61) | 0.014 |
| Always/Many times | 1.67 (1.49–1.86) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.48–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.09–2.14) | 0.016 |
| Self-perceived health | ||||||
| Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Very good | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 0.061 | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | 0.214 | 1.48 (0.94–2.33) | 0.094 |
| Good | 1.41 (1.22–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.15–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.04–2.6) | 0.033 |
| Fair | 2.00 (1.68–2.40) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.54–2.30) | <0.001 | 2.75 (1.6–4.72) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 2.17 (1.50–3.14) | <0.001 | 2.00 (1.31–3.07) | 0.001 | 3.09 (1.01–9.52) | 0.049 |
| Diagnosis | ||||||
| Endometriosis/adenomyosis | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) | 0.146 | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.555 | 1.51 (0.98–2.32) | 0.060 |
| Myomas | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | 0.033 | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) | 0.055 | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) | 0.906 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.16 (1.06–1.28) | 0.002 | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) | 0.020 | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 0.964 |
| No diagnosis | 0.80 (0.74–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.75–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.49–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Use of hormonal contraception | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Previous use | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.723 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.897 | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.517 |
| Current use | 0.52 (0.46–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.48–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.29–0.54) | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 | ||||||
| No COVID-19 | 1.00 | |||||
| COVID-19 | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.118 | ||||
| COVID-19 | ||||||
| No COVID-19 | 1.00 | |||||
| Suspected COVID-19 | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 0.026 | ||||
| COVID-19 Diagnosis | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 0.723 | ||||
| COVID-19 | ||||||
| No COVID-19 | 1.00 | |||||
| COVID-19 (no Long COVID-19) | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 0.911 | ||||
| Long COVID-19 | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) | <0.001 | ||||
Abbreviation: aOR, adjusted odds ratios.