Table B.3.

Well-being by gender: Social factors (Waves 1–3).

	Female	Female	Female	Male	Male	Male	Difference
$\Delta$ Loneliness: Less	0.22${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			0.24${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			[0.72]
	(0.04)			(0.06)
$\phantom{M}$ No change	−0.18${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.10${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			[0.00]
	(0.02)			(0.02)
$\phantom{M}$ More	−0.87${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.76${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			[0.24]
	(0.04)			(0.08)
Friends: 0–1		−0.14			−0.08		[0.61]
		(0.10)			(0.08)
$\phantom{M}$ 2–3		−0.21${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.11${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$		[0.04]
		(0.04)			(0.04)
$\phantom{M}$ 4–6		−0.27${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.16${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$		[0.00]
		(0.03)			(0.03)
$\phantom{M}$$\ge$7		−0.24${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.14${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$		[0.06]
		(0.03)			(0.05)
Friends nearby: All			−0.17${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.07${}^{\ast }$	[0.14]
			(0.05)			(0.04)
$\phantom{M}$ Some			−0.24${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.12${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	[0.00]
			(0.02)			(0.02)
$\phantom{M}$ None			−0.30${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$			−0.25${}^{\ast \ast }$	[0.75]
			(0.10)			(0.12)
Observations	20 011	19 817	20 014	14 373	14 136	14 367
Adjusted $R^2$	0.147	0.049	0.048	0.098	0.019	0.020

Notes: Data from UKHLS 2019, Covid modules 1–3 and UKHLS wave 9. Table reports grouped means of outcome variable, which is the individual change in standardized, seasonally-adjusted and inverted GHQ Likert score. Standard errors clustered at the primary sampling unit and presented in parentheses. The last column presents p-values testing the difference in female vs. male means. Covid survey weights used in all computations. Change in loneliness is based on self-reports of the present frequency of feeling lonely, measured in 2019 and 2020. Number of close friends and fraction of friends living nearby are measured in UKHLS wave 9. ${}^{\ast }$$p<0.10$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$$p<0.05$, ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$$p<0.01$.