Table B.4.

Decomposition of the gender gap (Waves 1–3).

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Gender gap	0.165${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.102${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.102${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.102${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.105${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.031)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.028)	(0.031)
Composition effect attributable to:
$\phantom{M}$ (1) Time use and family	0.012${}^{\ast }$	0.013${}^{\ast \ast }$	0.016${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.006)
$\phantom{M}$ (2) Finances and work	−0.001	−0.000	−0.000
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
$\phantom{M}$ (3) Social factors	0.045${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.034${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.034${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.009)
$\phantom{M}$ (4) Medical factors	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
$\phantom{M}$ (6) Demographics: HH characteristics	−0.001	0.002	0.003	0.003
	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
$\phantom{M}$ (6) Demographics: Age	−0.001	−0.001	−0.002	0.000	−0.000
	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
$\phantom{M}$ Extraversion					0.005
					(0.003)
$\phantom{M}$ Other traits					−0.016${}^{\ast }$
					(0.009)
Total composition effect	0.056${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.048${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.052${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.003	−0.011
	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.010)
Structural effect attributable to:
$\phantom{M}$ (1) Time use and family	−0.011	−0.002	−0.005
	(0.023)	(0.018)	(0.016)
$\phantom{M}$ (2) Finances and work	0.030	0.027${}^{\ast }$	0.027${}^{\ast }$
	(0.022)	(0.015)	(0.015)
$\phantom{M}$ (3) Social factors	0.014	−0.035	−0.035
	(0.074)	(0.073)	(0.071)
$\phantom{M}$ (4) Medical factors	0.007	−0.002	−0.002
	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.010)
$\phantom{M}$ (6) Demographics: HH characteristics	−0.049	−0.062	−0.063	−0.060
	(0.054)	(0.046)	(0.047)	(0.055)
$\phantom{M}$ (6) Demographics: Age	0.092	−0.033	−0.033	0.027	0.001
	(0.073)	(0.056)	(0.055)	(0.056)	(0.048)
$\phantom{M}$ Extraversion					0.010
					(0.041)
$\phantom{M}$ Other traits					0.063
					(0.095)
Constant	0.025	0.161	0.161	0.131	0.031
	(0.114)	(0.102)	(0.102)	(0.080)	(0.112)
Total structural effect	0.109${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.054${}^{\ast \ast }$	0.050${}^{\ast }$	0.099${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	0.116${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.030)	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.032)
Observations	11 457	30 771	30 771	30 771	27 544

Notes: Data from UKHLS 2019, Covid modules 1–3 and UKHLS wave 9. Dependent variable is individual change in standardized inverted GHQ Likert score. See text for details. Standard errors clustered at the primary sampling unit and presented in parentheses. This table uses UKHLS Covid waves 1–3 and replicates Table A.7. The following variables are only contained in wave 1 and have thus been omitted from the analysis presented in this table: health behaviours and change in receiving external help. Column 1 presents results for wave 1 only for comparability. Columns 2 and 3 include all three waves. Columns 1, 2, 4 and 5 show pooled specifications and Column 3 replicates Column 2 but with evaluated at female prices. See Table 4 for further notes.

${}^{\ast }$$p<0.10$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$$p<0.05$, ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$$p<0.01$.