Table 1.
Characteristics of veterans with positive SARS-CoV-2 testing, stratified by current PPI user vs. PPI non-user
| UNWEIGHTED COHORT of veterans with positive SARS-CoV-2 test | WEIGHTED COHORT of veterans with positive SARS-CoV-2 test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| COVARIATES | PPI non-users (N=8,696) |
Current PPI users (N=6,262) |
PPI non-users (N=8,696) | Current PPI users (N=6,262) |
SMD* |
|
|
|||||
| VHA Facility ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | 0.070 |
| Age, mean years (SD) | 60.46 (15.77) | 64.37 (13.42) | 61.94 (15.14) | 62.15 (14.52) | 0.014 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 7,382 (84.9) | 5,578 (89.1) | 7,529 (86.6) | 5,441 (86.9) | 0.009 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.033 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4,437 (51.0) | 3,885 (62.0) | 4,757 (54.7) | 3,527 (56.3) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2,243 (25.8) | 1,315 (21.0) | 2,125 (24.4) | 1,477 (23.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic other or unknown | 794 (9.1) | 515 (8.2) | 764 (8.8) | 540 (8.6) | |
| Hispanic | 1,222 (14.1) | 547 (8.7) | 1,049 (12.1) | 717 (11.5) | |
| Days from Jan 1, 2020 to index date, mean (SD)# | 282 (82.8) | 289 (78.7) | 285 (81.5) | 285 (81.2) | 0.005 |
| Smoking Status, n (%) | 0.067 | ||||
| Current Smoker | 1,030 (11.8) | 754 (12.0) | 1,047 (12.0) | 762 (12.2) | |
| Former Smoker | 3,441 (39.6) | 3,085 (49.3) | 3,773 (43.4) | 2,780 (44.4) | |
| Never Smoker | 3,430 (39.4) | 2,180 (34.8) | 3,260 (37.5) | 2,376 (37.9) | |
| Unknown | 795 (9.1) | 243 (3.9) | 616 (7.1) | 344 (5.5) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Asthma | 629 (7.2) | 685 (10.9) | 747 (8.6) | 571 (9.1) | 0.018 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 1,645 (18.9) | 1,911 (30.5) | 2,034 (23.4) | 1,500 (24.0) | 0.013 |
| Cancer | 1,770 (20.4) | 1,750 (27.9) | 2,020 (23.2) | 1,508 (24.1) | 0.020 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 255 (2.9) | 279 (4.5) | 309 (3.5) | 228 (3.6) | 0.005 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.82 (2.22) | 2.55 (2.54) | 2.12 (2.38) | 2.17 (2.40) | 0.022 |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 621 (7.1) | 746 (11.9) | 791 (9.1) | 582 (9.3) | 0.007 |
| Chronic Lung Disease | 2,652 (30.5) | 2,757 (44.0) | 3,129 (36.0) | 2,315 (37.0) | 0.020 |
| Chronic Neuromuscular Disease | 394 (4.5) | 323 (5.2) | 420 (4.8) | 308 (4.9) | 0.004 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1,161 (13.4) | 1,219 (19.5) | 1,390 (16.0) | 1,026 (16.4) | 0.011 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure | 153 (1.8) | 151 (2.4) | 180 (2.1) | 130 (2.1) | 0.001 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 1,316 (15.1) | 1,646 (26.3) | 1,694 (19.5) | 1,270 (20.3) | 0.020 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 2,800 (32.2) | 2,966 (47.4) | 3,320 (38.2) | 2,453 (39.2) | 0.021 |
| Diabetes | 3,070 (35.3) | 2,815 (45.0) | 3,415 (39.3) | 2,469 (39.4) | 0.003 |
| Drug Dependency | 379 (4.4) | 345 (5.5) | 416 (4.8) | 311 (5.0) | 0.008 |
| Emphysema | 126 (1.4) | 170 (2.7) | 171 (2.0) | 126 (2.0) | 0.003 |
| Heart Disease | 2,093 (24.1) | 2,281 (36.4) | 2,533 (29.1) | 1,846 (29.5) | 0.008 |
| Heart Failure (non-congestive) | 790 (9.1) | 898 (14.3) | 988 (11.4) | 709 (11.3) | 0.001 |
| H. pylori positive | 1,841 (21.2) | 1,138 (18.2) | 1,746 (20.1) | 1,232 (19.7) | 0.022 |
| HIV | 120 (1.4) | 51 (0.8) | 105 (1.2) | 78 (1.2) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 5,075 (58.4) | 4,620 (73.8) | 5,616 (64.6) | 4,149 (66.3) | 0.035 |
| Lower Respiratory Infection | 1,010 (11.6) | 855 (13.7) | 1,076 (12.4) | 796 (12.7) | 0.010 |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 2,884 (33.2) | 2,773 (44.3) | 3,254 (37.4) | 2,454 (39.2) | 0.037 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||
| ACE Inhibitors | 2,233 (25.7) | 2,152 (34.4) | 2,549 (29.3) | 1,887 (30.1) | 0.018 |
| ARBs | 1,170 (13.5) | 1,239 (19.8) | 1,378 (15.8) | 1,036 (16.6) | 0.019 |
| H2RAs | 626 (7.2) | 423 (6.8) | 638 (7.3) | 459 (7.3) | 0.001 |
| NSAIDs | 5,359 (61.6) | 4,745 (75.8) | 5,812 (66.8) | 4,358 (69.6) | 0.059 |
| Statins | 4,176 (48.0) | 4,249 (67.9) | 4,832 (55.6) | 3,656 (58.4) | 0.057 |
Abbreviations: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors); Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs); Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori); Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs); Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs); Proton pump inhibitor (PPI); standard deviation (SD); standardized mean difference (SMD); Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
Only SMDs for the weighted cohort are provided in this table. Please refer to Supplemental Figure 1 for the SMD plots for both the unweighted and weighted cohorts.
All of the 127 VHA facilities were included as covariates in this analysis; however, the proportion of patients at each station for each group is not listed here due to space considerations. The SMD between PPI users and non-users in the unweighted cohort was 0.36, with balance achieved after weighting (SMD 0.07).
This variable represents the days from January 1, 2020 to the index date of SARS-CoV-2 testing to account for temporal differences