TABLE 2.
The interaction and main effects of peripheral neuropathy and plantar loading patterns on plantar tissue hardness and plantar pressure (Mean ± SD).
| DPN | Non-DPN | Lower Loading | Higher Loading | ANOVA p Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P I | P N | P L | ||||||
| Tissue hardness (°Shore) | Whole foot | 35.39 ± 8.81 | 26.12 ± 5.72 | 27.24 ± 5.61 | 33.03 ± 9.67 | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.043 |
| Toes | 31.94 ± 10.29 | 23.44 ± 5.61 | 24.39 ± 6.17 | 29.82 ± 10.35 | 0.261 | 0.026 | 0.127 | |
| Forefoot | 37.32 ± 10.91 | 27.51 ± 7.24 | 28.25 ± 6.05 | 35.11 ± 11.78 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.053 | |
| Midfoot | 30.34 ± 8.14 | 21.94 ± 5.44 | 23.31 ± 6.21 | 27.97 ± 8.7 | 0.045 | 0.009 | 0.099 | |
| Hindfoot | 41.58 ± 10.19 | 31.5 ± 7.74 | 33.86 ± 8.99 | 38.27 ± 10.9 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.225 | |
| Static PPP (kPa) | Whole foot | 224.15 ± 79.87 | 139.61 ± 30.56 | 177.22 ± 41.92 | 184.9 ± 89.14 | 0.170 | 0.003 | 0.918 |
| Toes | 82.49 ± 48.01 | 45.68 ± 26.56 | 78.55 ± 49.51 | 54.72 ± 35.64 | 0.473 | 0.009 | 0.075 | |
| Forefoot | 173.47 ± 52.67 | 123.79 ± 33.64 | 140.16 ± 41.24 | 154.11 ± 55.76 | 0.060 | 0.018 | 0.497 | |
| Midfoot | 43.75 ± 28.75 | 37.79 ± 24.92 | 28.03 ± 6.77 | 49.01 ± 31.29 | 0.777 | 0.703 | 0.049 | |
| Hindfoot | 173.98 ± 97.63 | 105.15 ± 31.32 | 137.65 ± 51.78 | 140.79 ± 94.52 | 0.541 | 0.035 | 0.961 | |
| Dynamic PPP (kPa) | Whole foot | 716.27 ± 162.5 | 616.08 ± 92.34 | 658.84 ± 109.2 | 670.92 ± 158.93 | 0.712 | 0.062 | 0.941 |
| Toes | 471.09 ± 138.3 | 437.01 ± 153.78 | 547.55 ± 95.13 | 393.54 ± 140.38 | 0.568 | 0.306 | 0.004 | |
| Forefoot | 625.43 ± 184.92 | 546.46 ± 108.96 | 521.65 ± 151.07 | 627.55 ± 145.65 | 0.472 | 0.283 | 0.087 | |
| Midfoot | 170.56 ± 120.44 | 154.94 ± 100.86 | 107.66 ± 21.81 | 198.39 ± 128.16 | 0.809 | 0.865 | 0.037 | |
| Hindfoot | 380.85 ± 222.22 | 327.43 ± 63.78 | 331.2 ± 106.24 | 368.98 ± 192.42 | 0.686 | 0.394 | 0.618 | |
| Dynamic PTI (kPa*s) | Whole foot | 122.24 ± 36.23 | 108.36 ± 12.07 | 107.02 ± 14.73 | 120.65 ± 32.49 | 0.243 | 0.326 | 0.217 |
| Toes | 94.08 ± 26.41 | 74.09 ± 26.46 | 92.87 ± 20.78 | 78.41 ± 30.88 | 0.993 | 0.048 | 0.127 | |
| Forefoot | 104.3 ± 35.16 | 82.67 ± 17.69 | 85.16 ± 21.19 | 98.88 ± 33.22 | 0.053 | 0.121 | 0.218 | |
| Midfoot | 44.09 ± 18.72 | 37.77 ± 16.82 | 32.17 ± 7.16 | 46.6 ± 20.32 | 0.645 | 0.484 | 0.042 | |
| Hindfoot | 92.2 ± 46.09 | 82.86 ± 20.97 | 83.68 ± 22.44 | 90.02 ± 42.31 | 0.573 | 0.621 | 0.683 | |
P I , is the interaction between plantar loading and peripheral neuropathy; P N , is the main effect of peripheral neuropathy; P L , is the main effect of plantar loading. P value in bold text indicate the significant interaction or main effect. DPN: people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy; Non-DPN: people without diabetic peripheral neuropathy.