Table 1.

Clinical behavioral interventions for parents, caregivers, and young children with T1D published since 2014

Authors	Child age	N	Intervention	Selected results
Mackey et al., 2016 [72]	1–6	30 mothers	Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a phone-based intervention to improve glycemic outcomes and parental and child well being	Feasible, intervention group demonstrated improved social support and quality of life over time
Gupta et al., 2017 [70]	3–5	2 cohorts with18 families each	Camp-based multi-component intervention to reduce A1c and improve psychosocial functioning in parents	Families in intervention group had a significant decrease in A1c before and after camp; mothers had a significant improvement in diabetes specific quality of life and reduction in stress
Patton et al., 2020 [69••]	1–6	42 parents	Telehealth video intervention to reduce hypoglycemia fear in parents	Parents in intervention group (vs control) had a significant reduction in hypoglycemia fear and stress
Tournilhac et al., 2020 [73••]	Primary school students	221 teachers	Efficacy of a video training program for teachers to improve confidence in administering glucagon during severe hypoglycemia	Teachers’ confidence to administer glucagon significantly increased after watching the training program
Mackey et al., 2021 [32••]	2–5	36 parents	Feasibility and acceptability of a healthy eating and physical activity behavioral intervention	High acceptability, increased number of children within target glycemic range (70–180 mg/dL); no significant change in A1c, diet or physical activity
SENCE Study Group, 2021 [71••]	2–7	143 children + caregivers	CGM + family behavioral intervention (vs standard CGM) to improve glycemic levels and parental quality of life	Intervention group improved parental well-being and significantly reduced hypoglycemic events; no differences in time in range between groups
In progress (outcome data not yet published)
Lohan et al., 2016 [74]	2–10	N/A	Group-based parenting intervention	TBD, study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of Positive Parenting for Healthy Living program for parents of children with T1D
Hilliard et al., 2017 [48]	1–6	157 parents	Stepped-care behavioral intervention aimed to support parents psychosocial functioning and promote children’s glycemic outcomes	Parent coaching is feasible and can support parent mood
Wysocki et al., 2018 [76]	< 6	N/A	User centered design web-based coping intervention	TBD, study seeks evaluate the effects of website use on diabetes and psychosocial outcomes for both parent and child
Berget et al., 2019 [77]	2–6	N/A	Sequential multiple assignment randomization trial design: Four behavioral interventions: Two interventions focusing on optimizing adherence and two interventions focusing on achieving glucose targets	TBD, primary aim is to use CGM and behavioral supports for parents to improve glycemic and psychosocial outcomes
Marker et al., 2019 [75]	3–5	N/A	Web-based intervention that provides resources tailored to families of young children	TBD, study seeks to examine how access to T1D educational videos impacts parent and child outcomes (e.g., adherence, coping, glycemic levels)