Table 2.
Patient characteristics: New alternative k-value DD2 Clusters
| New Cluster 1 | New Cluster 2 | New Cluster 3 | Total | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 304 (70.2) | 612 (54.1) | 1158 (58.9) | 2074 (58.8) |
| Diabetes duration on DD2 enrollment date, years, median (quartiles) | 1.6 (0.4; 3.4) | 1.6 (0.5; 2.8) | 1.5 (0.5; 2.8) | 1.5 (0.5; 2.9) |
| Age on diabetes diagnosis date, years, mean (SD)* | 51.1 (11.2) | 56.8 (11.2) | 62.4 (9.8) | 59.2 (11.2) |
| Age on DD2 enrollment date, years, median (quartiles) | 53.6 (46.6; 61.5) | 60.1 (51.3; 67.0) | 65.3 (58.3; 70.9) | 62.6 (53.8; 68.9) |
| HOMA2-B, %, mean (SD)*† | 67.6 (29.8) | 128.1 (37.4) | 82.5 (25.2) | 95.3 (37.9) |
| HOMA2-IR, mean (SD)*† | 3.2 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.4) | 2.3 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.4) |
| Hba1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD)*‡ | 77.3 (16.9) | 47.0 (7.3) | 46.6 (6.4) | 50.5 (13.3) |
| Pretreatment HbA1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD),* n=739 | 83.5 (18.4) | 49.0 (7.0) | 49.6 (5.7) | 54.2 (15.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD)*§ | 32.2 (5.4) | 36.1 (5.8) | 28.1 (3.8) | 31.1 (6.0) |
| Waist circumference, cm, median (quartiles), n=2526 | 110 (101; 119) | 116 (108; 125) | 100 (92; 107) | 106 (97; 116) |
| Alcohol, >14/21 units/week (M/F), n (%) | 21 (4.9) | 75 (6.6) | 145 (7.4) | 241 (6.8) |
| Days per week with ≥30 min physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 77 (17.8) | 244 (21.6) | 212 (10.8) | 533 (15.1) |
| 1–2 | 109 (25.2) | 270 (23.9%) | 333 (17.0) | 712 (20.2) |
| ≥3 | 247 (57.0) | 617 (54.6) | 1420 (723) | 2284 (64.7) |
| Smoking, n=3225 | ||||
| Current | 83 (19.2) | 220 (19.5) | 320 (16.3) | 623 (17.7) |
| Former | 107 (24.7) | 276 (24.4) | 478 (24.3) | 861 (24.4) |
| Never | 204 (47.1) | 541 (47.8) | 996 (50.7) | 1741 (49.3) |
| ≥1 relative with diabetes, n (%) | 242 (55.9) | 580 (51.3) | 1058 (53.8) | 1880 (53.3) |
| LDL cholesterol, median (quartiles), n=3412 | 2.6 (1.9; 3.2) | 2.3 (1.8; 2.9) | 2.3 (1.8; 2.9) | 2.30 (1.8; 3.0) |
| HDL cholesterol, median (quartiles), n=2085 | 1.0 (0.9; 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9; 1.3) | 1.3 (1.1; 1.6) | 1.2 (1.0; 1.4) |
| Triglyceride, median (quartiles), n=3343 | 2.2 (1.5; 3.2) | 1.9 (1.4; 2.7) | 1.4 (1.0; 2.0) | 1.6 (1.2; 2.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (quartiles), n=3386 | 134 (125; 142) | 130 (124; 140) | 130 (124; 140) | 130 (124; 140) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (quartiles), n=3386 | 83 (80; 90) | 80 (75; 87) | 80 (74; 85) | 80 (75; 86) |
| Macrovascular complications, n (%) | ||||
| Any CVD (on diagnosis date) | 57 (13.2) | 249 (22.0) | 400 (20.4) | 706 (20.0) |
| Any CVD (on DD2 enrollment date) | 86 (19.9) | 304 (26.9) | 489 (24.9) | 879 (24.9) |
| Microvascular complications, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes+eye disease (on diagnosis date) | 10 (2.3) | 50 (4.4) | 115 (5.9) | 175 (5.0) |
| Diabetes+eye disease (on DD2 enrollment date) | 33 (7.6) | 78 (6.9) | 190 (9.7) | 301 (8.5) |
| Diabetes+neuropathy (on diagnosis date) | 26 (6.0) | 75 (6.6) | 114 (5.8) | 215 (6.1) |
| Diabetes+neuropathy (on DD2 enrollment date) | 41 (9.5) | 101 (8.9) | 154 (7.8) | 296 (8.4) |
| Diabetes+renal disease (on diagnosis date) | 3 (0.7) | 15 (1.3) | 9 (0.5) | 27 (0.8) |
| Diabetes+renal disease (on DD2 enrollment date) | 6 (1.4) | 29 (2.6) | 24 (1.2) | 59 (1.7) |
| Urine albumin/creatinine, mg/g, median (quartiles), n=3220 | 12.0 (5.0; 38.0) | 11.0 (5.0; 43.0) | 10.0 (4.0; 33.0) | 10.0 (5.0; 36.0) |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Any GLD (on diagnosis date)†¶ | 259 (59.8) | 686 (60.7) | 1214 (61.8) | 2159 (61.2) |
| Any GLD (on DD2 enrollment date) | 426 (98.4) | 977 (86.4) | 1620 (82.4) | 3023 (85.7) |
| Metformin (on diagnosis date) | 247 (57.0) | 666 (58.9) | 1162 (59.1) | 2075 (58.8) |
| Metformin (on DD2 enrollment date) | 408 (94.2) | 947 (83.7) | 1563 (79.5) | 2918 (82.7) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors (on diagnosis date) | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.3) | 9 (03) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors (on DD2 enrollment date) | 94 (21.7) | 81 (7.2) | 143 (7.3) | 318 (9.0) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (on diagnosis date) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (on DD2 enrollment date) | 73 (16.9) | 88 (7.8) | 49 (2.5) | 211 (6.0) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors (on diagnosis date) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors (on DD2 enrollment date) | 8 (1.9) | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | 14 (0.4) |
| Sulfonylureas (on diagnosis date) | 10 (2.3) | 19 (1.7) | 49 (2.5) | 78 (2.2) |
| Sulfonylureas (on DD2 enrollment date) | 78 (18.0) | 58 (5.1) | 123 (6.3) | 259 (7.3) |
| Insulin (on diagnosis date) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | 14 (0.4) |
| Insulin (on DD2 enrollment date) | 78 (18.0) | 42 (3.7) | 83 (4.2) | 203 (5.8) |
| Antihypertensive medication (on diagnosis date) | 172 (39.7) | 757 (66.9) | 1161 (59.1) | 2090 (59.2) |
| Antihypertensive medication (on DD2 enrollment date) | 286 (66.1) | 898 (79.4) | 1399 (71.2) | 2583 (73.2) |
| Lipid-lowering medication (on diagnosis date) | 142 (32.8) | 558 (49.3) | 974 (49.6) | 1674 (47.4) |
| Lipid-lowering medication (on DD2 enrollment date) | 317 (73.2) | 831 (73.5) | 1446 (73.6) | 2594 (73.5) |
*Mean (SD) reported for cluster variables. For remaining continuous variables, medians (quartiles) are reported.
†Measured at time of DD2 enrollment, that is, median 1.5 years (quartiles: 0.5; 2.9 years) after diabetes diagnosis date.
‡HbA1c is obtained from linked databases. Measured at a median of 0.8 years (quartiles: 0.1; 2.0 years) after diabetes diagnosis date.
§BMI is obtained from linked databases. Measured at a median of 1.2 years (quartiles: 0.3; 3.4 years) after diabetes diagnosis date.
¶The diabetes diagnosis date was defined as the date of the first indication of diabetes from any available data source including date of first prescription redemption of a glucose-lowering drug (see online supplemental table S2 for details).
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DD2, The Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes Cohort; DPP-4, dipeptidylpeptidase 4; GLD, glucose-lowering drug; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA2-B, homeostatic model assessment 2 beta-cell function; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment 2 estimates of insulin resistance; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; SGLT-2, Sodium glucose cotransporter 2.