Table 3.
Proposed outcome variables and tools used to assess efficacy using extensive methods
| Focus | Variables | Instrument | Supported psychometrics |
| Process outcome measures | Open/acceptance | Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) | Internal consistency and criterion validity (Swedish version)89 |
| Aware | 5 items on, ‘acting with awareness’ from the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) | Internal consistency, reliability and construct validity (Swedish version)90 | |
| Engaged/committed actions | (1) Valuing questionnaire; (2) Committed action questionnaire |
(1) Internal consistency and construct validity (Swedish version)91; (2) Proven validity and reliability (Swedish version)92 | |
| Psychological flexibility | Swedish translation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) | Convergent and discriminant validities (English version)62 | |
| Self-efficacy | General Self-Efficacy Scale (S-GSE) | Reliable with high internal consistency (Swedish version)93 | |
| Pain self-efficacy | Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaires (PSEQ-2) | Evidence for reliability and validity (English version),67 translated into Swedish94 | |
| Avoidance | Avoidance subscale of Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) | Internal validity and construct validity (Swedish version)65 | |
| Primary outcome measure | Catastrophising | 3-Item Daily Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS) | Recommended instrument to understand mechanims64 |
| (Dis)ability/pain screening | Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (ÖMPSQ) | Clinically reliable and valid (Swedish version)95 | |
| Work ability | Work Ability Index (WAI) | Validated (Swedish version)96 | |
| Functioning | Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-SF) | Reliable and valid in multiple languages (including Swedish version)66 | |
| Secondary outcome measure | Well-being/depression | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | Satisfactory content validity and sufficient reliability (Swedish version)97 |
| Perceived stress | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Internal reliability and construct validity (Swedish version)98 | |
| Sleep problems | Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) | Satisfactory factor structure, internal reliability and concurrent validity (Swedish version)61 | |
| Health-related quality of life | EQ-5D | Standardised measure of health-related quality of life develop by the EuroQol Group81 |