Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics
| Mean±SD or N (%) | N and percent missing | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 25.26±5.91 | 0 (0%) |
| Maternal body mass index (BMI) | 0 (0%) | |
| BMI<18.5 (kg/m2) | 62 (10.33%) | |
| BMI 18.5–25 (kg/m2) | 282 (47%) | |
| BMI 25–30 (kg/m2) | 132 (22%) | |
| BMI>30 (kg/m2) | 124 (20.67%) | |
| Parity | 0 (0%) | |
| Parity<1 | 218 (36.33%) | |
| Parity=1 | 196 (32.67%) | |
| Parity=2 | 103 (17.17%) | |
| Parity≥3 | 83 (13.83%) | |
| Antenatal care visits | 0 (0%) | |
| Antenatal care visit <3 | 49 (8.17%) | |
| Antenatal care visit 3–6 | 389 (64.83%) | |
| Antenatal care visit >6 | 162 (27%) | |
| Caesarean section | 106 (17.70%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| Education | 0 (0%) | |
| Some primary school | 43 (7.167%) | |
| Some high school | 405 (67.57%) | |
| Completed high school | 119 (19.83%) | |
| Beyond high school | 33 (5.5%) | |
| Married | 290 (48.33%) | 0 (0%) |
| Employed | 172 (28.67%) | 0 (0%) |
| Adjusted household crowding | 1.56±0.72 | 2 (0.33%) |
| Depression (Edinburgh≥13) | 333 (55%) | 0 (0%) |
| Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory≥40) | 115 (19.17%) | 0 (0%) |
| Maternal prenatal alcohol use cluster groups | 0 (0%) | |
| Non-drinking group: 0 standard drinks/trimester | 245 (46.93%) | |
| Moderate-high continuous drinking group | 122 (23.37%) | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 1 | 27±39 | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 2 | 17±25 | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 3 | 9.4±15 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 1 | 2.7±4 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 2 | 1.7±2.8 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 3 | 0.89±1.7 | |
| Low continuous drinking | 26 (4.98%) | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 1 | 1.4±2.5 | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 2 | 4±2.8 | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 3 | 0.62±1.1 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 1 | 0.067±0.25 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 2 | 0.30±0.46 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 3 | 0±0 | |
| Quit early drinking | 129 (24.71%) | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 1 | 8.5±6.5 | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 2 | 0.31±0.87 | |
| Standard drinks in trimester 3 | 0.056±0.31 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 1 | 0.84±0.82 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 2 | 0±0 | |
| Binge drinking events (>4 drinks/day) trimester 3 | 0±0 | |
| Maternal prenatal tobacco use | 2 (0.33%) | |
| Non-smoking (0 cigarettes/trimester) | 227 (37.97%) | |
| Moderate-high continuous smoking | 132 (22.07%) | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 1 | 45±20 | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 2 | 50±27 | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 3 | 48±25 | |
| Low continuous smoking | 222 (37.12%) | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 1 | 16±9.4 | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 2 | 16±9.7 | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 3 | 16±10 | |
| Quit early smoking | 17 (2.84%) | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 1 | 11±7.5 | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 2 | 0.15±0.32 | |
| Average cigarettes in trimester 3 | 0.079±0.11 | |
| Raw Maternal Edinburgh Score | 12.99±5.73 | 0 (0%) |
| Raw Maternal State Anxiety Score | 31.23±10.24 | 0 (0%) |
| Raw Maternal Trait Anxiety Score | 40.63±10.63 | 0 (0%) |
| Depression–trait anxiety groups | 0 (0%) | |
| No depression or trait anxiety | 199 (33.17%) | |
| Depression alone | 106 (17.67%) | |
| Trait anxiety alone | 68 (11.33%) | |
| Depression and trait anxiety | 227 (37.83%) | |
| Depression–state anxiety groups | 0 (0%) | |
| No depression or state anxiety | 248 (41.33%) | |
| Depression alone | 237 (39.50%) | |
| State anxiety alone | 19 (3.17%) | |
| Depression and state anxiety | 96 (16%) | |
| HIV status | ||
| Tested for HIV | 600 (100%) | |
| HIV positive | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Infant characteristics | ||
| Infant sex | 0 (0%) | |
| Male | 326 (54.33%) | |
| Female | 274 (45.67%) | |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 38.89±2.03 | 0 (0%) |
| Infant birth weight (g) | 2980.65±564.65 | 2 (0.33%) |
| Follow-up age (months) | 38.29±2.96 | 0 (0%) |
| Adjusted follow-up age (months) | 38.14±0.016 | 0 (0%) |