Table 2.
Associations between food-approach eating behaviors at ages 4 and 10 years with brain volumes at age 13 years.
| Food-approach eating behaviors (per SD) |
Model 1 β (95%CI) |
p |
Model 2 β (95%CI) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebral gray matter volume at 13 years (cm3) | ||||
| At 4 years | ||||
| Emotional overeating | −1.56 (−4.00, 0.89) | 0.21 | −0.02 (−2.41, 2.36) | 0.98 |
| Enjoyment of food | 3.68 (1.24, 6.13) | 0.003 | 3.09 (0.74, 5.45) | 0.01 |
| Food responsiveness | 1.76 (−0.67, 4.20) | 0.16 | 3.16 (0.82, 5.51) | 0.01 |
| At 10 years | ||||
| Emotional overeating | −0.34 (−2.74, 2.07) | 0.78 | 0.91 (−1.4, 3.21) | 0.44 |
| Enjoyment of food | 3.15 (0.78, 5.52) | 0.01 | 1.94 (−0.32, 4.24) | 0.09 |
| Food responsiveness | 0.27 (−2.11, 2.64) | 0.83 | 1.03 (−1.25, 3.31) | 0.37 |
| Cerebral white matter volume at 13 years (cm3) | ||||
| At 4 years | ||||
| Emotional overeating | −1.04 (−3.27, 1.19) | 0.36 | −0.24 (−2.47, 2) | 0.83 |
| Enjoyment of food | 2.99 (0.76, 5.23) | <0.01 | 2.73 (0.51, 4.91) | 0.02 |
| Food responsiveness | 2.39 (0.17, 4.61) | 0.04 | 3.12 (0.91, 5.32) | <0.01 |
| At 10 years | ||||
| Emotional overeating | 0.01 (−2.17, 2.19) | 0.99 | 0.65 (−1.51, 2.81) | 0.56 |
| Enjoyment of food | 4.01 (1.87, 6.16) | <0.01 | 4.01 (1.87, 6.16) | <0.01 |
| Food responsiveness | 2.67 (0.51, 4.82) | 0.02 | 3.11 (0.97, 5.25) | <0.01 |
| Subcortical gray matter volume at 13 yearsa (cm3) | ||||
| At 4 years | ||||
| Emotional overeating | −0.2 (−0.42, 0.01) | 0.06 | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.09) | 0.27 |
| Enjoyment of food | 0.27 (0.06, 0.48) | 0.01 | 0.24 (0.03, 0.45) | 0.03 |
| Food responsiveness | 0.21 (0.00, 0.42) | <0.05 | 0.29 (0.08, 0.50) | <0.01 |
| At 10 years | ||||
| Emotional overeating | 0.01 (−0.2, 0.22) | 0.93 | 0.07 (−0.13, 0.28) | 0.49 |
| Enjoyment of food | 0.36 (0.16, 0.57) | <0.01 | 0.30 (0.10, 0.51) | <0.01 |
| Food responsiveness | 0.19 (−0.01, 0.40) | 0.07 | 0.24 (0.03, 0.44) | 0.02 |
β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are from multiple linear regression. The effect estimates represent the difference in cubic centimeters of brain volumes per 1 SD increase of food-approach eating behaviors. Model 1 was adjusted for child sex, age at the MRI measurement. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for child national origin, energy intake, maternal education, household income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and maternal prenatal psychopathology symptoms.
Statistical significance after multiple testing correction using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with an FDR ≤ 0.05 is indicated in bold. Correction for multiple testing was performed based on Model 2.
Additionally adjusted for intracranial volume in model 2.