FIGURE 3.

GKT137831 ameliorated oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. (A,B) Representative images of myocardial tissue with DHE staining (scar bar = 50 µm) and fluorescence intensity analysis in different groups (n = 5 per group). (C,D) Representative images of western blotting for 4-HNE and quantifications by densitometric analysis, β-actin was used as a loading control (n = 5 per group). (E,F) Intracellular ROS generation in NRCMs was detected using DCFH-DA probe then evaluated by fluorescence microscopy (scar bar = 200 µm) and fluorescence intensity analysis. NRCMs were pretreated with GKT (5 μM) for 1 h, and then treated with DOX (2 μM) for 24 h. Rosup was used as a ROS positive control (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n. s., not significant. Abbreviations: DOX, doxorubicin; GKT, GKT137831; DHE, dihydroethidium: 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal: DCFH-DA, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; AU, arbitrary unit.