Table 2. The demographic and clinical characteristics of pGGNs in the primary and validation cohorts.
| Characteristics | Primary cohort (n=160) | Validation cohort (n=63) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIS/MIA (n=96) | IA (n=64) | P value | AIS/MIA (n=39) | IA (n=24) | P value | ||
| Gender | 0.012 | 0.256 | |||||
| Male | 25 | 29 | 8 | 8 | |||
| Female | 71 | 35 | 31 | 16 | |||
| Age (years) | 50.3±10.8 | 54.3±9.5 | 0.016 | 50.3±13.0 | 53.2±15.8 | 0.423 | |
| Lobe | 0.287 | 0.018 | |||||
| Left upper lobe | 30 | 14 | 15 | 5 | |||
| Left lower lobe | 9 | 6 | 3 | 6 | |||
| Right upper lobe | 39 | 33 | 18 | 6 | |||
| Right middle lobe | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Right lower lobe | 15 | 6 | 2 | 6 | |||
| Shape | 0.044 | 0.185 | |||||
| Round/oval | 59 | 29 | 29 | 14 | |||
| Irregular | 37 | 35 | 10 | 10 | |||
| Margin | 0.024 | 0.999 | |||||
| Smooth | 18 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Coarse | 78 | 60 | 38 | 24 | |||
| Interface | 0.431 | 0.145 | |||||
| Clear | 42 | 24 | 17 | 15 | |||
| Blurry | 54 | 40 | 22 | 9 | |||
| Lobulation | 0.001 | 0.256 | |||||
| No | 91 | 50 | 31 | 16 | |||
| Yes | 5 | 14 | 8 | 8 | |||
| Spiculation | 0.703 | 0.141 | |||||
| No | 91 | 62 | 39 | 22 | |||
| Yes | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||
| Pleural indentation | 0.073 | 0.045 | |||||
| No | 74 | 41 | 33 | 15 | |||
| Yes | 22 | 23 | 6 | 9 | |||
| Air bronchogram | <0.001 | 0.721 | |||||
| No | 90 | 47 | 34 | 20 | |||
| Yes | 6 | 17 | 5 | 4 | |||
| Vacuole | 0.007 | 0.049 | |||||
| No | 64 | 29 | 29 | 12 | |||
| Yes | 32 | 35 | 10 | 12 | |||
| Vessel type | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Type I/II | 77 | 10 | 32 | 3 | |||
| Type III/IV | 19 | 54 | 7 | 21 | |||
| Diameter (mm) | 8.1±2.9 | 12.1±4.4 | <0.001 | 7.1±2.4 | 10.8±4.3 | <0.001 | |
| Volume (mm3) | 509.4±399.3 | 1,609.5±1,874.9 | <0.001 | 409.5±418.7 | 1,347.5±1,505.0 | <0.001 | |
| Attenuation (HU) | −663.1±63.8 | −639.7±73.1 | 0.033 | −673.8±57.4 | −630.4±65.5 | 0.008 | |
| FS diagnosis | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| AIS/MIA | 86 | 10 | 38 | 2 | |||
| IA | 10 | 54 | 1 | 22 | |||
| Surgical method | <0.001 | 0.015 | |||||
| Sublobar resection | 80 | 32 | 31 | 12 | |||
| Lobectomy | 16 | 32 | 8 | 12 | |||
Age, diameter, volume, and attenuation are shown in mean ± standard deviation, and the other data are the number of nodules. pGGNs, pure ground-glass nodules; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; IA, invasive adenocarcinoma; FS, frozen section.