Table 4. Left atrial (LA) volumes and left ventricular (LV) volumes assessed using 3D echocardiography in healthy controls (HC) and normal-weight Turner syndrome patients (TS).
| Variables | HC (n=19) | Normal-weight TS (n=16) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3D LA Vmax (mL/m2) | 19.89±4.32 | 16.74±5.00 | 0.05* |
| 3D LA VpreA (mL/m2) | 10.73±3.00 | 8.90±2.60 | 0.067 |
| 3D LA Vmin (mL/m2) | 6.89±2.15 | 6.13±2.17 | 0.305 |
| 3D LA total emptying volume (mL/m2) | 13.11 (7.69/18.46) | 10.04 (5.05/18.46) | 0.001*** |
| 3D LA passive emptying volume (mL/m2) | 9.16±2.64 | 7.83±3.70 | 0.225 |
| 3D LA conduit volume (mL/m2) | 21.79±5.03 | 20.26±5.07 | 0,418 |
| 3D LA active emptying volume (mL/m2) | 3.44 (1.64/6.37) | 2.61 (0.1/3.82) | 0.006** |
| 3D LA total emptying fraction (%) | 65.63±6.82 | 62.81±8.23 | 0.276 |
| 3D LA passive emptying fraction (%) | 46.09±9.67 | 45.74±10.77 | 0.920 |
| 3D LA active emptying fraction (%) | 35.45±9.97 | 30.35±16.59 | 0.270 |
| 3D LASr (%) | 36.15±9.54 | 30.56±14.21 | 0.175 |
| 3D LAScd (%) | −24.42±7.59 | −22.37±13.59 | 0.578 |
| 3D LASct (%) | −12.15±8.12 | −9.06±7.27 | 0.248 |
| 3D LASr_c (%) | 40.42±11.33 | 35.81±17.13 | 0.348 |
| 3D LAScd_c (%) | −25.47±8.40 | −25.12±13.00 | 0.924 |
| 3D LASct_c (%) | −15.31±8.53 | −12.12±8.46 | 0.277 |
| 3D LV EDV (mL/m2) | 58.74±6,37 | 53.82±12.54 | 0.154 |
| 3D LV ESV (mL/m2) | 23.86±3.96 | 22.30±6.82 | 0.422 |
| 3D LV SV (mL/m2) | 34.84±5.20 | 30.04±4.92 | 0.016* |
| LA reservoir contribution to LV SV (%) | 37.84±8.22 | 33.02±11.25 | 0.179 |
| LA conduit contribution to LV SV (%) | 62.16±8.22 | 66.98±11.25 | 0.179 |
| LA passive contribution to LV SV (%) | 26.74±8.32 | 23.07±8.22 | 0.239 |
| LA pump contribution to LV SV (%) | 10.33±3.24 | 8.00±4.25 | 0.107 |
3D, three-dimensional echocardiography; LA Vmax, maximum LA volume at LV end systole; LA VpreA, LA volume at onset of LA contraction; LA Vmin, minimum LA volume at LV end diastole; LASr, longitudinal LA strain during reservoir phase; LAScd, longitudinal LA strain during conduit phase; LASct, longitudinal LA strain during contraction phase; LASr_c, circumferential LA strain during reservoir phase; LAScd_c, circumferential LA strain during conduit phase; LASct_c, circumferential LA strain during contraction phase; LV EDV, LV enddiastolic volume; LV ESV, LV endsystolic volume; LV SV, LV stroke volume. Mean ± standard deviation is used for normally distributed variables and median (minimum/maximum) for non-normally distributed variables. *P value ≤0.05; **P value ≤0.01; ***P value ≤0.001.