Figure 1.

East and Southeast Asian substructure in cosmopolitan Mexican individuals. (a) Map showing the sampling locations from East and Southeast Asian populations included in the Asian multidimensional scaling (MDS) shown in panel (b). Sampling locations from the Philippines shown in the map as circles represent isolated populations with contrasting genetic profiles. Cosmopolitan Mexican populations with individuals exhibiting more than 5% Asian ancestry are shown in the map with three-letter labels for the state; most of these individuals come from Guerrero. A schematic of the Manila Galleon trade route with an origin in Manila and final destination in Acapulco, Mexico is represented with a dotted arrow. The Manila Galleon sailing path exploited the ocean currents and so formed an arc passing through high northern latitudes before reaching the American coast in northern California and then heading south to its final destination in Acapulco. The Pacific Ocean extent is not shown to scale. (b) An MDS shows the East and Southeast Asian reference individuals with filled circles, while cosmopolitan Mexican individuals are plotted with rectangular labels. The colour code in the reference panel matches that of the sampling locations map.