TABLE 2.

Randomized control trials ^a assessing clinical utility, as of July 2021 (Asiimwe et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022).

Clinical Utility study	Country	Sample Size					Key pharmacogenomic Algorithm
		Total Randomized	Whites (Hispanic)	Asian	Black	Mixed/Other
Hillman et al. (2005)	United States	38	38	—	—	—	Hillman equation (Hillman et al., 2004)
Anderson et al. (2007)	United States	200	189	—	—	11	Carlquist equation (Carlquist et al., 2006)
Huang et al. (2009)	China	142	—	142	—	—	Huang equation (Huang et al., 2009)
Burmester et al. (2011)	United States	230	230 (not stated)	—	—	—	Caldwell algorithm (Caldwell et al., 2008)
Korneva et al. (2011)	Russia	61	61 b	—	—	—	No information (abstract)
Borgman et al. (2012)	United States	26 c	24	—	—	2	PerMIT tool (Linder et al., 2009)
Radhakrishnan et al. (2012)	United States	56	—	—	—	—	No information (abstract)
Wang et al. (2012)	China	106	—	106	—	—	Huang equation (Huang et al., 2009)
Jonas et al. (2013)	United States	109	79	—	30	—	WarfarinDosing.org (Gage et al., 2008)
Kimmel et al. (2013)	United States	1,015	740 (65)	—	275	—	WarfarinDosing.org (Gage et al., 2008)
Li et al. (2013)	China	220	—	220	—	—	No information (English abstract)
Pirmohamed et al. (2013)	United Kingdom and Sweden	455	447	2	5	1	Modified IWPC equation (International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium et al., 2009)
Pengo et al. (2015)	Italy	200	200	—	—	—	Zambon equation (Zambon et al., 2011)
Duan et al. (2016)	China	55	—	55	—	—	No information (abstract)
Jiang et al. (2016)	China	60	—	60	—	—	Jiang equation (Jiang et al., 2016)
Pavani et al. (2016)	India	207	—	207	—	—	Artificial neural network model (Pavani et al., 2016)
Gage et al. (2017)	United States	1,650	1,502 (42)	29	106	13	WarfarinDosing.org (Gage et al., 2008)
Jin et al. (2017)	China	238	—	238	—	—	WarfarinDosing.org (Gage et al., 2008)
Wen et al. (2017)	Taiwan (China)	318	—	318	—	—	Wen (Wen et al., 2008) and IWPC (International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium et al., 2009) equations
Jiang et al. (2018)	China	87	—	87	—	—	Lou equation (Jiang et al., 2018)
Makar-Ausperger et al. (2018)	Croatia	205	205 b	—	—	—	WarfarinDosing.org (Gage et al., 2008)
Syn et al. (2018)	Singapore and Malaysia	322	—	322	—	—	Tham equation (Tham et al., 2006)
Xu et al. (2018)	China	201	—	201	—	—	Cen equation (Cen et al., 2010)
(Al-Metwali et al., 2019) d	United kingdom	26 e	20	4	—	2	A set of differential equations (Hamberg et al., 2013)
Hao et al. (2019)	China	2,264	—	2,264	—	—	IWPC equation (International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium et al., 2009)
Guo et al. (2020)	China	660	—	660	—	—	Modified IWPC equation (International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium et al., 2009)
Lee et al. (2020)	South Korea	125	—	125	—	—	Lee equation (Lee et al., 2012)
Panchenko et al. (2020)	Russia	263	263	—	—	—	WarfarinDosing.org (Gage et al., 2008)
Zhu et al. (2020b)	China	507	—	507	—	—	Zambon equation (Zambon et al., 2011)
Total (n, %)		10,046	1,998, 39.8	1,547, 55.2	416, 4.1	29, 0.3

^aSome trials are reported as randomized, but published reports did not provide enough information to verify this.

^bEthnicity/race not stated but participants recruited from a majority White country.

^cRepresents the analyzed population (34 were randomized but details on ethnicity/race unavailable).

^dRecruited children.

^eRepresents the analyzed population (29 were randomized but details on ethnicity/race unavailable).

IWPC, international warfarin pharmacogenetics consortium; PerMIT, personalized medicine interface tool; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America.