Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics, In-Hospital Examination and Medications in Patients with NOAF
| HFrEF (n=62) | HFmrEF (n=47) | HFpEF (n=91) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demography and medical history | ||||
| Age (years) | 72.7±9.8 | 73.5±10.7 | 76.0±10.6 | 0.090 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6±3.8 | 23.4±3.1 | 24.4±3.4 | 0.284 |
| Men | 47 (75.8) | 31 (66.0) | 57 (62.6) | 0.225 |
| NOAF burden (%) | 6.70 (1.32, 29.53) | 5.00 (1.32, 31.77) | 8.15 (1.97, 45.83) | 0.729 |
| Current smoker | 23 (37.1)‡ | 16 (34.0) | 19 (20.9) | 0.044 |
| Hypertension | 37 (59.7) | 33 (70.2) | 71 (78) | 0.051 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (43.5) | 12 (25.5) | 37 (40.7) | 0.123 |
| Dyslipidemia | 12 (19.4) | 12 (25.5) | 18 (19.8) | 0.682 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 14 (22.6)* | 1 (2.1)† | 12 (13.2) | 0.008 |
| History of heart failure | 15 (24.2)* | 1 (2.1)† | 13 (14.3) | 0.005 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 11 (17.7) | 1 (2.1) | 16 (17.6) | 0.854 |
| Prior AMI | 12 (19.4)*‡ | 2 (4.3) | 3 (3.3) | 0.001 |
| Prior PCI | 14 (22.6)‡ | 4 (8.5) | 7 (7.7) | 0.015 |
| Prior vascular disease | 15 (24.2)* | 4 (8.5) | 11 (12.1) | 0.044 |
| Initial presentation | ||||
| Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | 1 (1.6) | 2 (4.3) | 4 (4.4) | 0.693 |
| STEMI | 49 (79.0)‡ | 35 (74.5)† | 44 (48.4) | <0.001 |
| MI location | <0.001 | |||
| Anterior infarction | 36 (73.5)*‡ | 17 (48.6) | 13 (29.5) | |
| Inferior infarction | 13 (26.5)‡ | 16 (45.7) | 29 (65.9) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 2 (4.5) | |
| Adm heart rate (b.p.m.) | 91.7±25.9‡ | 84.5±21.2 | 81.7±23.0 | 0.037 |
| Adm SBP (mmHg) | 131.9±24.2 | 134.8±27.4 | 138.5±27.3 | 0.315 |
| Initial Killip class | 0.517 | |||
| I | 46 (74.2) | 31 (66.0) | 61 (67.0) | |
| II | 13 (21.0) | 9 (19.1) | 20 (22.0) | |
| III | 2 (3.2) | 2 (4.3) | 6 (6.6) | |
| IV | 1 (1.6) | 5 (10.6) | 4 (4.4) | |
| GRACE risk score | 142.2±24.8 | 144.0±26.3 | 146.6±28.1 | 0.601 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 4.2±1.8 | 3.7±1.7 | 3.7±1.9 | 0.217 |
| In-hospital examination | ||||
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.10 (3.41, 4.81) | 4.18 (3.54,5.08) | 4.30 (3.50,4.89) | 0.742 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.44 (1.85, 3.02) | 2.45 (2.13,3.21) | 2.36 (1.79,3.07) | 0.501 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.90,1.24) | 1.01 (0.85,1.24) | 0.755 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 87.10 (44.93,86.79) | 70.19 (51.93,82.73) | 65.65 (46.43,81.52) | 0.388 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 68.59 (56.86,92.53) | 84.12 (65.42, 96.03) | 82.49 (60.63,95.60) | 0.524 |
| Peak troponin-T (ng/mL) | 5.81 (0.88, 10.00) | 8.94 (2.82, 10.00)† | 3.20 (0.52, 8.32) | <0.001 |
| Lg Peak NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL) | 3.93 (3.65, 4.27)*‡ | 3.63 (3.40, 3.90) | 3.61 (3.42, 3.96) | <0.001 |
| Angiographic data | ||||
| In-hospital PCI with stent | 47 (75.8) | 41 (87.2) | 63 (69.2) | 0.066 |
| Infarct-related artery | 0.006 | |||
| Left anterior descending | 29 (63.0)‡ | 15 (44.1) | 10 (25.0) | |
| Right coronary artery | 11 (23.9)‡ | 15 (44.1) | 25 (62.5) | |
| Left circumflex | 6 (13.0) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Left main disease | 6 (10.5) | 7 (15.9) | 7 (9.2) | 0.523 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 40.9±5.2 | 39.1±5.2 | 40.7±4.8 | 0.136 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 48.3±6.9‡ | 46.5±6.3 | 44.8±4.0 | 0.001 |
| LVESD (mm) | 36.2±7.9*‡ | 33.0±6.8 | 29.7±3.6 | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 31.9±4.6*‡ | 42.1± 2.7 | 56.3±4.6 | <0.001 |
| In-hospital management | ||||
| Ventilation | 6 (9.7) | 4 (8.5) | 3 (3.3) | 0.256 |
| Temporary Pacemaker | 10 (16.1) | 17 (36.2) | 21 (23.1) | 0.051 |
| IABP | 6 (9.7) | 6 (12.8)† | 1 (1.1) | 0.013 |
| Medications in hospital | ||||
| Aspirin | 61 (98.4) | 47 (100.0) | 85 (93.4) | 0.085 |
| Clopidogrel | 55 (88.7) | 43 (91.5) | 82 (90.1) | 0.891 |
| Ticagrelor | 14 (22.6) | 11 (23.4) | 16 (17.6) | 0.643 |
| Oral anticoagulation | 3 (4.8) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0.341 |
| Statin | 59 (95.2) | 46 (97.9) | 87 (95.6) | 0.748 |
| ACEI/ARB | 40 (64.5) | 30 (63.8) | 63 (69.2) | 0.754 |
| β-blocker | 49 (79.0) | 41 (87.2) | 65 (71.4) | 0.102 |
| CCB | 11 (17.7) | 10 (21.3) | 22 (24.2) | 0.636 |
| Diuretic | 51 (82.3) | 35 (74.5) | 66 (72.5) | 0.369 |
| Amiodarone | 41 (66.1) * | 39 (83.0)† | 48 (52.7) | 0.002 |
| Medications at discharge | ||||
| Aspirin | 57 (91.9)‡ | 44 (93.6)† | 72 (79.1) | 0.020 |
| Clopidogrel | 46 (74.2) | 33 (70.1) | 72 (79.1) | 0.493 |
| Ticagrelor | 14 (22.6) | 11 (23.4) | 9 (9.9) | 0.050 |
| Oral anticoagulation | 4 (6.5) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (4.4) | 0.560 |
| Statin | 59 (95.2) | 45 (95.7) | 83 (91.2) | 0.609 |
| ACEI/ARB | 28 (45.2) | 27 (57.4) | 47 (51.6) | 0.440 |
| β-blocker | 43 (69.4)‡ | 32 (68.1)† | 46 (50.5) | 0.031 |
| CCB | 5 (8.1) | 4 (8.5) | 14 (15.4) | 0.289 |
| Diuretic | 24 (38.7) | 16 (34.0) | 24 (26.4) | 0.260 |
| Amiodarone | 13 (21.0)‡ | 8 (17.0)† | 4 (4.4) | 0.005 |
| Terminated method | 0.016 | |||
| 0 | 6 (9.7) | 3 (6.4) | 11 (12.1) | |
| 1 | 36 (58.1) | 34 (72.3)† | 40 (44.0) | |
| 2 | 20 (32.3) | 9 (19.1)† | 40 (44.0) | |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0) |
Notes: Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%) as appropriate. The level of statistical significance was p < 0.017 for *HFrEF vs HFmrEF; †HFmrEF vs HFpEF; and ‡HFrEF vs HFpEF, after multiple comparisons. Terminated method is the manner of conversion to a SR, AF not terminated was represented by 0, pharmacological conversion was represented by 1, spontaneous cardioversion was represented by 2 and electrical cardioversion was represented by 3.
Abbreviations: SR, sinus rhythm; NOAF, new-onset atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; HR, heart rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction, GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; TIA, transient ischemic attack; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; NT-proBNP, N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium-channel blocker; IQR, interquartile range.