Table 2. Information pertaining to mHealth prompt delivery.
| Reference | Were prompts part of larger DPP | Prompt type | Prompt duration | Prompt frequency | Prompt timing | Justification for message dose | Were any fidelity checks in place to ensure messages were delivered as intended? | Prompt sender | 1- or 2-way messages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berkley-Patton et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | 8 months | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Participants asked whether they received text messages over the 8-month intervention period | Outreach ministry leaders | Not specified |
| Polgreen et al., [2018] | Stand-alone | SMS | 180 days | 1×/day | between 07:00 and 09:00 hours | Participant preference | Not specified | Automated | 2-way |
| Gupta et al., [2019]; Tewari et al., [2020]; Shanthosh et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | Weeks 10–22 then weeks 32–48 | 2×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Trial administration data (number of successful messages sent each month) will be used to assess fidelity | Healthcare workers | Not specified |
| Cheung et al., [2019] | Larger | SMS | 26 weeks | 3–4×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Automated | 2-way |
| Nanditha et al., [2020]; Thomson et al., [2018] | Stand-alone | SMS | 2 years | 2–3×/week | In India, messages sent 06:30–08:30 hours or after 18:00 hours. In the UK, messages were sent at 10:00 hours on alternate days | In India-participant preference | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Ram et al., [2014]; Ramachandran et al., [2013]; Nanditha et al., [2018] | Stand-alone | SMS | 2 years | Median of 3×/week | 05:00–08:00 hours or 17:00–20:00 hours | Participant preference | Not specified | Automated | Not specified |
| Wong et al., [2013]; Wong et al., [2016]; Wong et al., [2018] | Stand-alone | SMS | 2 years | 3×/week in months 0–3; 1×/week months 3–6; 1×/month in months 6–12 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Program staff | 1-way |
| Catley et al., [2019]; Catley et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | Not specified | Protocol states 2×/day, preliminary findings state messages sent on a dynamic schedule | Morning and lunch time (protocol) | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Block et al., [2015a]; Block et al., [2015b] | Larger | Push notifications | 1 year | 2×/week | Not specified | Prompts are reactive to the user reported goals and behaviour | Not specified | Automated, participants | 1-way |
| Buis et al., [2013a]; Buis et al., [2013b] | Stand-alone | SMS | 14 weeks | 5–7×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Automated | 1-way |
| Ritchie et al., [2020]; Fischer et al., [2016]; Fischer et al., [2019] | Larger | SMS | 12 months | 6×/week | Not specified | Participant preference | Participants asked if they received all messages. 5 participants reported not receiving 20 or more text messages throughout the 1-year intervention | Not specified | 2-way |
| Morton et al., [2015]; Yates et al., [2015] | Larger | SMS | 8 weeks in pilot then 12 months in protocol | Pilot: 1×/week and based on user behaviours. Protocol: first 2 months 1-3×/week; 2–6 months 1×/week; 7–12 months 1×/month | Not specified | Not specified | SMS delivery monitored by examining lists of messages sent and received. Pilot: 9 out of 11 participants received full SMS regimen as intended and 90% of participants reported no difficulties with the system and all messages were correctly formatted | Automated | 2-way |
| Everett et al., [2018] | Larger | Push notifications | 3 months | Not specified | Not specified | Tailored using advanced algorithms to optimally influence behaviour change | Not specified | Automated | 1-way |
| Tkatch et al., [2018] | Larger | SMS | Not specified | 1×/day and 2×/week (Monday and Thursday) | Not specified | Not specified | There were 23 opportunities per person to send High-5’s and an average of 11.26 were sent per person | Participants are sending High-5s to their peers | 2-way |
| Limaye et al., [2017] | Larger | SMS | 1 year | 3×/week | Between 10:00–13:00 hours | Participant preference | One-tenth of prompts requested a reply. Adherence calculated based on response to these requests | Not specified | 2-way |
| Pfammatter et al., [2016] | Stand-alone | SMS | 6 months | 1×/day for the first 6 days, then 2×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Fukuoka et al., [2015] | Larger | SMS/push notifications | 5 months | 1×/day | 11:00 hours and 15:00 hours (only non-responders) | Not specified | Not specified | Automated | 2-way |
| Abebe et al., [2013] | Stand-alone | SMS | 14 weeks | 4–7×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Clinic staff | 2-way |
| González et al., [2013] | Larger | SMS | 15 days | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Automated | 1-way |
| Fukuoka et al., [2011] | Stand-alone | Not specified | N/A | Participants want choice in message frequency | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Alzeidan et al., [2019] | Stand-alone | SMS | 6 months | 6×/week (2×/day for 3 days) | 10:00–11:00 hours | Not specified | At every visit, participants will be asked the number of messages they received | Automated | 1-way |
| Rosas et al., [2018] | Larger | SMS | 12 months | 1×/week in months 1–3 and biweekly thereafter | Not specified | Not specified | Self-monitoring records and Smartphone app communication will be reviewed for quality control | Coach | 2-way |
| Kim et al., [2019] | Larger | SMS | 6 months | 1×/day | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Community health workers, research nurses | Not specified |
| Whelan et al., [2019] | Stand-alone | Push notifications | 6 weeks | Hourly then additional prompts tailored to participant behaviour | Motivational messages not specified. Hourly reminders to move 09:00–17:00 hours | Not specified | Prompt reports were audited to determine how many prompts were sent | Automated | 1-way |
| MacPherson et al., [2019] | Larger | Push notifications | 1 year | 1×/month, tailored based on participant behaviour | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Exercise counselors | 2-way |
| O'Reilly et al., [2019] | Larger | Push notifications | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1-way |
| Staite et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | 12 months | 3–4×/day | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Automated | 1-way |
| Ho et al., [2020] | Stand-alone | SMS | 12 months | First 6 months: 1×/month. Next 6 months: 1×/2 months | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Srivastava et al., [2019] | Larger | Push notifications | Not specified | 65×/week | Not specified | Not specified | User compliance with requests for dietary data input ranged from 59–87%, PA ranged from 52–93% and weight data ranged from 83–100% | Coach & physician | 2-way |
| Xu et al., [2020] | Larger | Push notifications | 6 months | 2×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Automated | Not specified |
| Rollo et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | 3 months | 4×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Sinclair et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | 6 months | 2×/week | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
| Harjumaa et al., [2020] | Larger | SMS | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |
DPP, diabetes prevention program; SMS, short message service; PA, physical activity.