Figure 3.

Association between endothelial plasma glycocalyx markers and kwashiorkor. (a,c) Association between the plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 and hyaluronic acid and kwashiorkor in the discovery cohort. (b,d) Association between the plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 and hyaluronic acid and the degree of oedema severity. “None” means no oedema (marasmus) whereas “+” means oedema on both feet; “++” – oedema in both feet and legs; “+++” – oedema in both feet, legs, arms, hands and face. Oedema severity was assessed by trained clinicians following World Health Organization guidelines; p values were estimated using ordinal logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, HIV status, and site of recruitment. Protein concentations were normalised by dividing with serum albumin concentration. (e,f) Association between the plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 and hyaluronic acid and kwashiorkor in the validation cohort in two time points: D0 is discharge from hospital, D60 is 60 days post-discharge.