TABLE 4.
GCF biomarkers of inflammatory mediators and growth factors among non-smokers, cigarette smokers, e-cig users, and dual smokers
| Biomarkers (pg/μg protein) | NS | CS | EC | DS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory mediators | |||||
| EN-RAGE | Mean, SD | 53.47, 18.03 | 115.84, 145.39 | 79.48, 43.01 | 156.22, 175.13 |
| Median, IQR | 45.98, 20.15 | 64.84, 107.71 | 62.25, 53.46 | 99.56, 127.83 | |
| RAGE | Mean, SD | 16.01, 17.02 | 7.38, 3.57 | 2.22, 2.50 | 30.76, 33.64 |
| Median, IQR | 10.47, 20.86 | 8.48, 4.32 | 2.22, 3.54 | 21.81, 40.53 | |
| MMP-9 | Mean, SD | 95.09, 50.41 | 48.08, 35.41 | 38.07, 26.67 | 83.92, 105.54 |
| Median, IQR | 78.45, 67.02 | 38.04, 42.69 | 28.45, 33.09 | 50.02, 55.76 | |
| S100A8 | Mean, SD | 92.38, 115.38 | 19.39, 28.29 | 20.14, 14.51 | 43.86, 62.37 |
| Median, IQR | 56.37, 115.76 | 6.48, 31.41 | 17.37, 15.15 | 6.29, 57.46 | |
| S100A9 | Mean, SD | 1,333.69, 2,606.67 | 516.54, 517.08 | 606.8, 606.21 | 2,264.34, 3,992.99 |
| Median, IQR | 36.82, 2,614.97 | 300.56, 896.99 | 362.79, 615.43 | 600.95, 2057.05 | |
| Galectin-3 | Mean, SD | 4.36, 2.35 | 3.59, 2.58 | 3.42, 1.64 | 6.62, 7.62 |
| Median, IQR | 3.22, 2.5 | 2.49, 3.28 | 3.29, 3.29 | 3.47, 4.92 | |
| Uteroglobin/CC-10 | Mean, SD | 1.64, 2.44 | 0.98, 1.08 | 0.27, 0.16 | 2.52, 4.04 |
| Median, IQR | 0.28, 2.33 | 0.52, 0.64 | 0.23, 0.13 | 0.29, 5.27 | |
| Oxidative stress | |||||
| MPO | Mean, SD | 216.11, 92.69 | 70.24, 57.59 | 40.37, 34.82 | 151.44, 166.24 |
| Median, IQR | 219.41, 122.01 | 58.65, 54.25 | 25.47, 54.43 | 121.67, 166.37 | |
| Tissue injury and repair | |||||
| Serpine1/PAI-1 | Mean, SD | 1.41, 1.47 | 0.66, 0.37 | 0.52, 0.47 | 2.03, 4.10 |
| Median, IQR | 0.74, 1.74 | 0.6, 0.62 | 0.43, 0.39 | 0.47, 2.14 | |
| Growth factors (pg/mg protein) | |||||
| BDNF | Mean, SD | 130.52, 313.40 | 36.60, 80.40 | 5.52, 11.54 | 72.57, 207.26 |
| Median, IQR | 2.35, 6.61 | 6.78, 16.33 | 1.72, 3.05 | 3.38, 18.95 | |
| basic-FGF | Mean, SD | 60.98, 137.11 | 21.77, 38.66 | 6.99, 10.42 | 64.27, 172.54 |
| Median, IQR | 4.32, 6.14 | 4.8, 14.6 | 3.9, 3.2 | 4.31, 10.02 | |
| β-NGF | Mean, SD | 86.41, 190.95 | 9.41, 12.93 | 2.89, 5.98 | 82.57, 249.09 |
| Median, IQR | 1.14, 1.41 | 1.98, 25.29 | 0.8, 0.97 | 1.57, 3.7 | |
| SCF | Mean, SD | 197.40, 432.82 | 187.93, 324.65 | 9.10, 18.36 | 328.50, 738.27 |
| Median, IQR | 3.99, 3.0 | 38.71, 368.89 | 2.29, 1.83 | 24.92, 85.52 | |
| BMP-2 | Mean, SD | 293.48, 675.01 | 422.60, 606.33 | 49.15, 70.95 | 434.65, 1,153.92 |
| Median, IQR | 18.28, 11.45 | 126.82, 1,099.13 | 14.54, 81.88 | 30.9, 80.18 | |
| HGF | Mean, SD | 498.28, 675.63 | 476.06, 572.47 | 287.57, 317.74 | 490.06, 1,128.87 |
| Median, IQR | 255.46, 266.65 | 301.6, 305.2 | 191.94, 260.3 | 118.97, 99.89 | |
| PDGF-AA | Mean, SD | 193.76, 353.49 | 104.36, 111.90 | 38.83, 49.87 | 134.28, 261.47 |
| Median, IQR | 47.52, 75.12 | 78.28, 114.6 | 26.27, 16.16 | 23.02, 131.53 | |
| TGF-α | Mean, SD | 125.08, 218.66 | 55.15, 27.89 | 36.4, 31.52 | 147.10, 397.02 |
| Median, IQR | 40.18, 17.02 | 60.27, 40.27 | 24.71, 14.04 | 26.56, 28.26 | |
| EGF | Mean, SD | 213.11, 228.50 | 174.80, 132.38 | 81.5, 76.36 | 157.73, 236.21 |
| Median, IQR | 126.04, 141.97 | 181.51, 215.53 | 54.86, 80.3 | 70.75, 146.69 | |
| PlGF | Mean, SD | 49.75, 97.28 | 18.81, 37.18 | 1.97, 3.02 | 71.22, 170.08 |
| Median, IQR | 1.36, 97.87 | 3.25, 12.72 | 0.75, 2.02 | 3.18, 25.11 | |
| VEGF | Mean, SD | 664.26, 888.14 | 604.22, 558.74 | 302.40, 210.91 | 804.05, 1,523.71 |
| Median, IQR | 261.56, 272.67 | 379.65, 671.78 | 221.41, 356.85 | 280.18, 479.13 | |
Data are presented as mean, SD and median, interquartile range (IQR) (n = 2 to 12).
BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMP = bone morphogenetic protein; CS = cigarette smokers; DS = dual smokers; EC = e-cig users; EGF = epidermal growth factor; EN-RAGE = extracellular newly identified RAGE binding protein; FGF = fibroblast growth factors; GCF = gingival crevicular fluid; HGF = hepatocyte growth factor; MMP-9 = matrix metallopeptidase-9; MPO = myeloperoxidase; NGF = nerve growth factor; NS = non-smokers; PAI-1 = plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; PlGF = placenta growth factor; RAGE= receptor for advanced glycation end products; S100A8 = S100 calcium-binding protein A8; S100A9 = S100 calcium-binding protein A9; SCF = stem cell factor; TGF = transforming growth factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.