Table 1.

List of desmin functions, with the respective articles, classified according to alleged function, conceptual approach, structural level, genetic modification, biological model, and tissue type.

#	Authors	Function	Type	Level	Genetic modification	Biological model	Tissue
1	Alam et al. 15	Regulates mitochondrial fission	Pathological	Mitochondria	Mutant	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
2	Balogh et al. 16	Regulates sarcomere alignment	Structural	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
3	Boriek et al. 17	Regulates stiffness and force production	Structural	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
4	Bouvet et al. 18	Induce toxic aggregates formation	Physiological	Degradation systems	Variant molecule	Rat	Cardiac muscle
5	Cao et al. 19	Regulates intercellular electrical coupling	Physiological	Gap junctions	–	Human/rat	Cardiac muscle
6	Capetanaki et al. 20	Regulates cellular structural and functional integrity	Physiological/structural	Myofibril	Variant molecule	Mouse	Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
7	Charrier et al. 21	Regulates myoblast stiffness	Physiological	Cell stiffness	–	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
8	Chaurasia et al. 22	Remodeling of chorneal myofibroblasts	Physiological	Myofibroblast	–	Rabbit	Other
9	Chen et al. 23	Regulates mechanoelectric feedback	Physiological	Cell signaling	Variant molecule	Rat	Cardiac muscle
10	Conover et al. 24	Regulates actin microfilament and nebulin size	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant	Chicken/rat	Skeletal and cardiac muscle
11	Dagvadorj et al. 25	Support respiration	Physiological	Respiratory system	Mutant	Human	Skeletal muscle
12	D’Amati et al. 26	Allows contraction	Physiological	Myofibril	–	Human	Cardiac muscle
13	Datta et al. 27	Prevent cytoskeletal remodeling	Pathological	Heart	–	Rat	Cardiac muscle
14	Di Somma et al. 28	Regulates cardiac function	Physiological	Heart	–	Human	Cardiac muscle
15	Diermeier et al. 29	Regulates stiffness	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
16	Diguet et al. 30	Regulates mitochondrial function	Physiological	Mitochondria	KO	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
17	Eiber et al. 31	Regulates cellular structural and functional integrity	Physiological/structural	Neuromuscular junction	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
18	Galata et al. 32	Interferes with laminopathy phenotype severity	Pathological	Nucleus	Variant molecule	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
19	Gard and Lazarides 33	Regulates myofibril lateral organization	Structural	Myofibril	–	Chicken	Skeletal muscle
20	Gard et al. 34	Prevents cardiac arrhythmogenesis	Physiological	Heart	Variant molecule	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
21	Heckmann et al. 35	Allows contraction	Physiological	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
22	Hijikata et al. 36	Stabilizes the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton	Structural	Cytoskeleton	–	Rat	Skeletal muscle
23	Hofner et al. 37	Regulates mesodermal differentiation into cardiomyoblast	Physiological	Heart	Variant molecule	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
24	Höllrigl et al. 38	Regulates myoblast fusion, but hampers cardiomyogenesis and blocks smooth muscle development	Physiological/pathological	Myoblast fusion	KO	Mouse	Cardiac and smooth muscle
25	Huang et al. 39	Regulates myofibril alignment	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant	Hamster	Cardiac muscle
26	Joanne et al. 40	Interferes with myofibril, mitochondria and autophagy	Physiological	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
27	Kayman et al. 41	Regulates calcium flux in myofibers	Physiological	Calcium homeostasis	KO	Zebrafish	Skeletal muscle
28	Kostareva et al. 42	Interferes with heart remodeling	Pathological	Heart	Mutant	Human	Cardiac muscle
29	Kouloumenta et al. 43	Regulates lysosome positioning	Structural	Lysosome and endoplasmic reticulum	Variant molecule	Yeast/mouse	Cardiac muscle
30	Lapouge et al. 44	Regulates cytoarchitecture in cardiomyocytes	Structural	Cell adhesion	Variant molecule	Yeast	Cardiac muscle
31	Lazarides 45	Regulates nuclei positioning	Structural	Nucleus	–	Chicken	Cardiac muscle
32	Li et al. 46	Prevent idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy	Pathological	Heart	Mutant	Human	Cardiac muscle
33	Liu et al. 47	Impairs proteolytic function if aggregated	Physiological	Degradation systems	Variant molecule	Rat	Cardiac muscle
34	Loufrani et al. 48	Regulates vascular tone and blood flow	Physiological	Arteries	KO	Mouse	Other
35	Loufrani et al. 49	Regulates arteries diameter and flow	Structural	Endothelial cells	KO	Mouse	Other
36	Lovering et al. 50	Regulates muscle tension	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant/KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
37	Mackiewicz et al. 51	Regulates heart contractile function	Physiological	Heart	Variant molecule	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
38	Maloyan et al. 52	Regulates mitochondrial function	Pathological	Mitochondria	Mutant	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
39	Mavroidis et al. 53	Induces Z disk alterations	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
40	Mermelstein et al. 54	Regulates myoblast cell shape	Physiological	Calcium homeostasis	–	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
41	Meyer et al. 55	Regulates Z disk stabilization	Structural	Myofibril	–	Theoretical prediction	Skeletal muscle
42	Milner et al. 56	Regulates cellular structural and functional integrity	Physiological/structural	Myofibril	Variant molecule	Mouse	Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
43	Milner et al. 57	Regulates mitochondrial function and positioning	Physiological/structural	Mitochondria	KO	Mouse	Skeletal and cardiac muscle
44	Mitsui et al. 58	Regulates contraction	Physiological	Myofibril	–	Rabbit	Skeletal muscle
45	Mohamed et al. 59	Regulates smooth muscle hypertrophy	Physiological	Bronchi	KO	Mouse	Smooth muscle
46	Nag et al. 60	Regulates organelle positioning	Structural	Nucleus	–	Rat	Cardiac muscle
47	Oliveira et al. 61	Regulates decidualization of endometrial cells	Physiological	Nucleus	–	Mouse	Other
48	Otten et al. 62	Regulates intercalated disk maintenance	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant	Human	Cardiac muscle
49	Panagopoulou et al. 63	Regulates ventricular wall thickness	Physiological	Heart	Variant molecule	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
50	Ralston et al. 64	Regulates nuclei positioning	Structural	Nucleus	KO	Rat	Skeletal muscle
51	Russ and Grandy 65	Regulates muscular function	Physiological	Muscle	–	Rat	Skeletal muscle
52	Sam et al. 66	Increases vulnerability to mechanical injury	Structural	Myofibril	Variant molecule	Rat	Cardiac muscle
53	Schultheiss et al. 67	Not necessary for myofibril organization	Structural	Myofibril	Variant molecule	Chicken	Skeletal muscle
54	Shah et al. 68	Prevents respiratory problems	Pathological	Respiratory system	Variant molecule	Human	Skeletal muscle
55	Shah et al. 69	Regulates sarcomere arrangement	Structural	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
56	Shah et al. 70	Regulates myofibrillar mobility	Structural	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
57	Shah et al. 71	Regulates nuclei positioning	Structural	Nucleus	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
58	Sheng et al. 72	Regulates blood pressure	Physiological	Myofibril	Variant molecule	Mouse	Cardiac muscle
59	Singh et al.73,a	Protects muscle from damage	Physiological	Degradation systems	–	–	–
60	Smythe et al. 74	Regulates myoblast proliferation and fusion	Physiological	Myoblast fusion	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
61	Tao and Ip 75	Regulates myoblast fusion	Physiological	Myoblast fusion	Variant molecule	Chicken/quail	Smooth muscle
62	Tassin et al. 76	Not necessary for myofibril organization	Pathological	Myofibril	Mutant	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
63	Tokuyasu et al. 77	Regulates myofibril organization	Structural	Myofibril	–	Chicken	Skeletal and cardiac muscle
64	Tolstonog et al. 78	Contributes to genomic integrity	Physiological	Gene expression	–	Mouse	Other
65	Vermeer et al. 79	Regulates cellular structural and functional integrity	Pathological	Mitochondria	Mutant	Human	Cardiac muscle
66	Wang et al. 80	Regulates myofibril assembly	Structural	Myofibril	–	Chicken	Cardiac muscle
67	Wede et al. 81	Regulates tension in micro arteries	Structural	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Smooth muscle
68	Wieneke et al. 82	Necessary for myofiber activation	Physiological	Myofibril	KO	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
69	Woolstenhulme et al. 83	Regulates force generation	Physiological	Myofibril	–	Human	Skeletal muscle
70	Yamamoto et al. 84	Regulates myosin maturation	Physiological	Myofibril	–	Human	Cardiac muscle

^aOBS: Although this article is a review, it does propose a new function for desmin.

KO: knockout.