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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Feb;30(2):460–471. doi: 10.1002/oby.23344

Table 3:

Associations of nutrient intakes in childhood with abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in adolescence.

Model 1: Unadjusteda (n=302) Model 2: + Confoundersb (n=294) Model 3: + Childhood VATc (n=282)
A) Energy Partition Models:
Nutrient (kcal/d) β (95% CI) d p f β (95% CI) d p f β (95% CI) d p f
Energy 0.4 (−0.1, 0.9) 0.07 0.1 (−0.3, 0.6) 0.56 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) 0.56
Carbohydrates −0.2 (−1.3, 0.9) 0.69 −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) 0.70 −0.2 (−1.0, 0.7) 0.72
 Starch 0.5 (−2.4, 3.4) 0.72 0.5 (−2.2, 3.2) 0.73 0.3 (−1.9, 2.6) 0.76
 Sugar −0.5 (−2.0, 1.0) 0.51 −0.4 (−1.8, 1.0) 0.59 −0.3 (−1.5, 0.9) 0.66
Protein 2.6 (−2.2, 7.3) 0.29 2.3 (−2.2, 6.8) 0.32 3.6 (−0.2, 7.4) 0.07
 Animal Protein 2.8 (−1.5, 7.0) 0.20 2.0 (−2.0, 6.0) 0.32 2.7 (−0.7, 6.1) 0.12
Total Fat 1.2 (−0.4, 2.7) 0.14 0.4 (−1.1, 1.8) 0.63 0.1 (−1.1, 1.3) 0.89
 SFA 0.1 (−4.7, 4.8) 0.98 −1.6 (−6.1, 2.9) 0.50 −1.3 (−5.0, 2.5) 0.52
 MUFA 3.0 (−1.3, 7.2) 0.17 1.7 (−2.2, 5.6) 0.40 0.7 (−2.7, 4.0) 0.69
 PUFA 5.1 (−2.8, 12.9) 0.20 2.8 (−4.6, 10.3) 0.45 1.1 (−5.2, 7.5) 0.72
B) Nutrient Density Models:
Nutrient (%TEI) β (95% CI) e p f β (95% CI) e p f β (95% CI) e p f
Carbohydrates −1.5 (−3.5, 0.4) 0.12 −0.7 (−2.5, 1.1) 0.43 −0.6 (−2.1, 0.9) 0.46
 Starch −0.4 (−3.6, 2.8) 0.82 0.1 (−2.8, 3.1) 0.93 0.2 (−2.3, 2.7) 0.89
 Sugar −1.3 (−3.3, 0.7) 0.19 −0.6 (−2.5, 1.2) 0.50 −0.5 (−2.0, 1.1) 0.54
Protein 3.0 (−2.5, 8.4) 0.28 2.3 (−2.8, 7.4) 0.38 3.7 (−0.7, 8.0) 0.10
 Animal Protein 3.0 (−1.5, 7.6) 0.19 2.1 (−2.2, 6.4) 0.34 2.7 (−0.9, 6.3) 0.14
Total Fat 1.5 (−0.9, 3.8) 0.22 0.5 (−1.7, 2.6) 0.67 0.1 (−1.8, 1.9) 0.94
 SFA 0.9 (−4.5, 6.3) 0.74 −1.1 (−6.2, 4.0) 0.66 −0.9 (−5.2, 3.4) 0.69
 MUFA 3.3 (−1.5, 8.2) 0.18 1.8 (−2.7, 6.3) 0.43 0.7 (−3.1, 4.5) 0.71
 PUFA 4.6 (−3.8, 13) 0.28 2.9 (−5.1, 10.9) 0.48 1.0 (−5.8, 7.8) 0.78
Fiber −2.1 (−8.4, 4.2) 0.51 −4.4 (−10.7, 1.8) 0.17 −3.8 (−9.1, 1.6) 0.17
a

Model 1: adjusted for energy intake from all other nutrients (energy partition models) or TEI (nutrient density models).

b

Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 covariates plus sex, age, race/ethnicity, household income, pubertal stage, physical activity, BMI category at visit 1, maternal DM exposure, and HEI-2010 total score at visit 1. 8 participants excluded due to missing data for household income (n=1), pubertal stage (n=1), or physical activity (n=6).

b

Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 covariates plus abdominal VAT in childhood. 12 participants excluded due to missing data for abdominal VAT at visit 1.

d

Estimated per 100 kcal/d increase in each nutrient.

e

Estimated per 5% increase in each nutrient (except fiber, per 5 g/1000 kcal increase).

f

Bolding indicates p<0.05. Asterisk (*) indicates if below Bonferroni-adjusted p<0.017 (0.05/3 outcomes).

Abbreviations: VAT, visceral adipose tissue; TEI, total energy intake; SFA, saturated fat; MUFA, monounsaturated fat; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat.