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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Feb;30(2):460–471. doi: 10.1002/oby.23344

Table 5:

Sex-specific associations of total protein and animal protein intakes in childhood with abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in adolescence in the analytical sample (n=302).

Model 1: Unadjusteda (n=302) Model 2: + Confoundersb (n=294) Model 3: + Childhood VATc (n=282)
A) Energy Partition Models:
Nutrient (kcal/d) Sex β (95% CI) d p f β (95% CI) d p f β (95% CI) d p f
Total Protein Girls −0.9 (−6.8, 4.9) 0.75 −1.3 (−6.9, 4.2) 0.64 −0.6 (−5.3, 4.0) 0.79
Boys 5.8 (0.5, 11.2) 0.033 4.8 (−0.2, 9.8) 0.06 6.4 (2.2, 10.6) 0.003 *
Animal Protein Girls −0.9 (−6.5, 4.6) 0.74 −2.0 (−7.4, 3.4) 0.46 −2.3 (−6.8, 2.3) 0.33
Boys 6.9 (1.6, 12.2) 0.011 * 5.3 (0.3, 10.3) 0.036 6.7 (2.6, 10.8) 0.002 *
B) Nutrient Density Models:
Nutrient (%TEI) Sex β (95% CI) e p f β (95% CI) e p f β (95% CI) e p f
Total Protein Girls −3.6 (−11.2, 4.1) 0.36 −4.1 (−11.2, 3.0) 0.26 −1.9 (−8.0, 4.1) 0.53
Boys 10.2 (2.5, 17.8) 0.009 * 8.8 (1.6, 15.9) 0.016 * 9.2 (3.2, 15.1) 0.003 *
Animal Protein Girls −1.5 (−7.6, 4.6) 0.64 −2.5 (−8.2, 3.3) 0.40 −2.0 (−6.9, 2.8) 0.41
Boys 9.4 (2.6, 16.3) 0.007 * 7.7 (1.3, 14.0) 0.018 8.3 (3.0, 13.6) 0.002 *
a

Model 1: adjusted for energy intake from all other nutrients (energy partition models) or TEI (nutrient density models).

b

Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 covariates plus sex, age, race/ethnicity, household income, pubertal stage, physical activity, BMI category at visit 1, maternal DM exposure, and HEI-2010 total score at visit 1. 8 participants excluded due to missing data for household income (n=1), pubertal stage (n=1), or physical activity (n=6).

c

Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 covariates plus abdominal VAT in childhood. 12 participants excluded due to missing data for abdominal VAT at visit 1.

d

Estimated per 100 kcal/d increase in each nutrient.

e

Estimated per 5% increase in each nutrient (except fiber, per 5 g/1000 kcal increase).

f

Bolding indicates p<0.05. Asterisk (*) indicates if below Bonferroni-adjusted p<0.017 (0.05/3 outcomes).

Abbreviations: VAT, visceral adipose tissue; TEI, total energy intake.