Table 2.
Scheme for incorporating imagine and biospecimen biomarkers.
| Modality | Target | Ligand | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Imaging markers | |||
| TIER 1 – in use in PPMI in all or sub set of sites | |||
| SPECT | Dopamine transporter | DaTSCAN | |
| MRI | DTI/resting state | ||
| TIER II – supportive data and clear rationale for biomarker for PD, but limited data in disease progression | |||
| PET | VMAT2 | DTZB, AV133 | |
| PET | Glucose metabolism | FDG | |
| Ultrasound | Substantia nigra | ||
| PET | Amyloid | AV45, BAY94, PIB | |
| SPECT | Cardiac sympathetic function | MIBG | |
| TIER III – limited data in PD but rationale for biomarker for PD | |||
| PET/SPECT | PBR – inflammation | PK11195, PBR06, PBR111 | |
| PET/SPECT | Striatal function – MGluR5, CB1, A2a, GlyT1 | FPEB, MK9640, FCPyPB | |
| PET/SPECT | DASB, MZIENT, INER, MPPF | SERT, NET, 5HT1a, 5HT2a | |
| Optical coherence tomography (OCT) | Retinal morphology | ||
| TIER IV – strong rationale for biomarker for PD, no data for PD | |||
| PET/SPECT | Alpha-synuclein | ||
| PET/SPECT | Tau | ||
| B. Biospedmen biomarkers | |||
| TIER I – plans for use in PPMI. Markers for which there is some evidence for a disease association, preliminary data around the detection of the marker in a biochemical assay exist | CSF alpha synuclein, DJ1, amyloid, tau, blood urate | ||
| TIER II – putative markers with weak data correlating to PD, standardized assays exist and are straightforward to study in PD subjects | EGF, cytokines, inflammatory markers, glutamine/glutamate | ||
| TIER III – minimal data available, relationship to PD hypotheses and mechanisms of disease exist | Proteomics, glutathione, 8-OHdG | ||