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Optogenetic induction of necroptosis via direct activation of RIP3 and MLKL. Time-lapse fluorescence confocal microscopy showing HEK293T cells expressing optoRIP3 (left, co-transfected with MLKL) or optoMLKL (right) and stimulated with blue light. Early necroptotic cells display only Annexin V staining (blue), while late necroptotic cells lose membrane integrity and gain CellTox signal (green). Scale bar, 20 µm.
