Table A1.

Frailty phenotype according to Fried et al. [13].

Weight loss	“In the last year, have you lost more than 10 pounds unintentionally (i.e., not due to dieting or exercise)?” If yes, then frail for weight loss criterion. At follow-up, weight loss was calculated as: (Weight in previous year–current measured weight)/(weight in previous year) = K. If K ≥ 0.05 and the subject does not report that he/she was trying to lose weight (i.e., unintentional weight loss of at least 5% of previous year’s body weight), then frail for weight loss = Yes.
Exhaustion	Using the CES–D Depression Scale, the following two statements are read. (a) I felt that everything I did was an effort; (b) I could not get going. The question is asked: “How often in the last week did you feel this way?” 0 = rarely or none of the time (<1 day) 1 = some or a little of the time (1–2 days) 2 = a moderate amount of the time (3–4 days) 3 = most of the time. Subjects answering “2” or “3” to either of these questions are categorized as frail for the exhaustion criterion.
Physical activity	Based on the short version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Activity questionnaire, asking about walking, chores (moderately strenuous), mowing the lawn, raking, gardening, hiking, jogging, biking, exercise cycling, dancing, aerobics, bowling, golf, singles tennis, doubles tennis, racquetball, calisthenics and swimming, kcals per week expended are calculated using standardised algorithm. This variable is stratified by gender. Men: Those with kcals of physical activity per week < 383 are frail. Women: Those with kcals per week < 270 are frail.
Walk time	Cut-off for time to walk 15 feet criterion for frailty (Stratified by gender and height)
	Men
	Height ≤ 173 cm	≥7 s
	Height > 173 cm	≥6 s
	Women
	Height ≤ 159 cm	≥7 s
	Height > 159 cm	≥6 s
Grip strength	Cut-off for grip strength (kg) criterion for frailty (stratified by gender and BMI quartiles)
	Men
	BMI ≤ 24	≤29
	BMI 24.1–26	≤30
	BMI 26.1–28	≤30
	BMI > 28	≤32
	Women
	BMI ≤ 23	≤17
	BMI 23.1–26	≤17.3
	BMI 26.1–29	≤18
	BMI > 29	≤21

BMI, body mass index; kcals, kilocalories; CES-D, Center of Epidemiologic Studies—depression subscale; kg, kilogram.