Table 3. Effect of drug use on Covid-19 diagnosis, Covid-19 hospitalization and death (other non-drug covariates are listed in Table 4).
| Covid-19 diagnosis | Covid-19 hospitalization | Death | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients (events) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | No. of patients (events) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | No. of patients (events) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
| Drug use status: current vs. never | ||||||
| ACE Inhibitor | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.91(0.90,0.92) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.98(0.97,1.00) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.88(0.86,0.90) |
| ARB | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.92(0.91,0.92) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.92(0.91,0.94) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.85(0.83,0.87) |
| Statin | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.97(0.96,0.98) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.95(0.94,0.96) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.81(0.80,0.83) |
| Warfarin | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.88(0.86,0.91) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.95(0.92,0.99) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.82(0.78,0.87) |
| Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.99(0.97,1.00) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.89(0.88,0.91) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.80(0.78,0.82) |
| P2Y12 Inhibitor | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.98(0.97,0.99) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.96(0.95,0.98) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.94(0.91,0.96) |
| Famotidine | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 1.12(1.10,1.15) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.94(0.91,0.97) | 358,392 (61,778) | 1.00(0.96,1.04) |
| Hydroxychloroquine (New Users Censored) | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.95(0.91,1.00) | 358,392 (142,004) | 1.06(0.98,1.14) | 358,392 (61,778) | 1.08(0.95,1.24) |
| Hydroxychloroquine (No Censoring) * | 2,186,365 (357,499) | 1.63(1.58,1.68) | 361,568 (143,728) | 0.97(0.93,1.01) | 361,568 (62,698) | 1.06(0.99,1.14) |
| Drug use status: current vs. past | ||||||
| ACE Inhibitor | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.86(0.85,0.87) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.95(0.93,0.97) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.87(0.84,0.90) |
| ARB | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.93(0.91,0.94) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.93(0.91,0.96) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.84(0.82,0.87) |
| Statin | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.92(0.91,0.93) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.93(0.92,0.95) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.79(0.77,0.81) |
| Warfarin | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.84(0.81,0.87) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.91(0.86,0.95) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.83(0.77,0.90) |
| Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.89(0.87,0.91) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.88(0.85,0.90) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.79(0.76,0.82) |
| P2Y12 | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 1.01(0.99,1.03) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.99(0.96,1.02) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.90(0.87,0.94) |
| Famotidine | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.93(0.91,0.96) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.95(0.92,0.99) | 358,392 (61,778) | 1.03(0.97,1.09) |
| Hydroxychloroquine (New Users Censored) | 2,185,934 (354,342) | 0.91(0.84,0.98) | 358,392 (142,004) | 0.97(0.86,1.09) | 358,392 (61,778) | 0.87(0.72,1.05) |
| Hydroxychloroquine (No Censoring) * | 2,186,365 (357,499) | 1.35(1.28,1.42) | 361,568 (143,728) | 1.12(1.03,1.22) | 361,568 (62,698) | 1.27(1.14,1.42) |
Bold: significant protective effect; Italic: significant harmful effect.
*not part of main analysis, shown here to illustrate the indication bias if recent starters of hydroxychloroquine were not censored.