Table 3.

Reported bioenhancer activity of some constituents of herbal spices

Herbal spices with drug	Bioenhancement activity	Reference
Piperine and resveratrol	Bioenhancer activity was studied on mice and the study demonstrated significant improvement in bioavailability of resveratrol.	27
Piperine and curcumin	The pharmacokinetic of curcumin with piperine was studied on animal and human volunteers. Piperine inhibit the hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation, thus extend the bioavailability of curcumin in both rat and human with no adverse effect.	28
Piperine and aflatoxin B1	10 mg dose of piperine enhance bioavailability of aflatoxin B1 in rat tissue	29
Cardamom and piroxicam	The penetration index of piroxicam after 1 h pretreatment with 10% cardamom oil was about 340.9‐fold higher than that of non‐pretreatment	38
Cardamom and indomethacin, diclofanac and piroxicam	The penetration index of piroxicam was extremely increased by 1% cardamom oil about 81.9‐fold compared with that of indomethacin or diclofanac.	39
Cinnamon and saquinavir	It enhances bioavailability of saquinavir.	45
Clove oil and carvedilol	It enhances bioavailability of carvedilol.	51
Curcumin with celiprolol and midazolam	Curcumin suppresses drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 in liver and increase AUC and Cmax of celiprolol and midazolam.	71