Table 2.
Differences in clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory values on admission
| Overall | Survivors | Dead | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 163) | (n = 93) | (n = 70) | p | |
| Symptoms on admission, n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 97 (59.5) | 51 (54.3) | 46 (66.7) | 0.111 |
| Cough | 111 (69.4) | 68 (73.1) | 43 (64.2) | 0.3 |
| Dyspnea | 102 (63.4) | 53 (57.0) | 49 (72.1) | 0.073 |
| Chest pain | 7 (4.5) | 5 (5.5) | 2 (3.1) | 0.759 |
| Digestive symptoms | 31 (19.0) | 24 (25.8) | 7 (10.0) | 0.019 |
| Confusion | 25 (15.9) | 9 (9.8) | 16 (24.6) | 0.023 |
| Clinical signs on admission | ||||
| Temperature (mean, °C [SD]) | 36.63 (1.09) | 36.56 (1.11) | 36.75 (1.06) | 0.306 |
| Systolic BP (mean, mmHg [SD]) | 130.62 (25.00) | 131.45 (24.92) | 129.49 (25.25) | 0.628 |
| Diastolic BP (mean, mmHg [SD]) | 71.52 (13.18) | 71.92 (12.71) | 70.96 (13.86) | 0.649 |
| Heart rate (mean, bpm [SD]) | 90.18 (20.88) | 86.58 (14.00) | 95.06 (26.97) | 0.011 |
| Tachypnea (n, %) | 66 (44.3) | 24 (27.9) | 42 (66.7) | <0.001 |
| Mental status (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 123 (78.8) | 80 (88.9) | 43 (65.2) | |
| Altered | 26 (16.7) | 10 (11.1) | 16 (24.2) | |
| Coma | 7 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (10.6) | |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| LDH (mean, U/L [SD]) | 352.19 (420.20) | 272.91 (120.99) | 461.21 (619.11) | 0.017 |
| CRP (mean, mg/dL [SD]) | 11.10 (9.17) | 8.81 (8.26) | 14.35 (9.47) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin (mean, ng/ml [SD]) | 1.55 (8.29) | 1.62 (10.80) | 1.46 (3.72) | 0.923 |
| d‐Dimer (mean, mg/L [SD]) | 4.55 (15.78) | 5.02 (18.83) | 3.90 (10.30) | 0.685 |
| Creatinine (mean, mg/dL [SD]) | 1.32 (0.79) | 1.20 (0.76) | 1.49 (0.81) | 0.022 |
| GFR (mean, ml/min/1.73 m2 [SD]) | 53.53 (23.05) | 58.85 (22.13) | 46.78 (22.61) | 0.003 |
| Urea (mean, mg/dL [SD]) | 70.14 (46.39) | 62.59 (46.31) | 79.63 (45.37) | 0.105 |
| Sodium (mean, mmol/L [SD]) | 138.30 (7.01) | 138.32 (6.35) | 138.28 (7.95) | 0.975 |
| AST (mean, U/L ([SD]) | 43.95 (34.08) | 36.56 (27.86) | 55.26 (39.68) | 0.012 |
| ALT (mean, U/L [SD]) | 29.85 (34.12) | 25.76 (24.58) | 35.39 (43.51) | 0.1 |
| GGT (mean, U/L [SD]) | 72.40 (94.92) | 54.65 (71.68) | 95.05 (114.88) | 0.015 |
| Albumin (g/dL, mean [SD]) | 3.31 (0.45) | 3.27 (0.42) | 3.36 (0.48) | 0.381 |
| White cell blood count (mean, 109/9 L [SD]) | 10.38 (18.96) | 8.66 (4.66) | 12.70 (28.50) | 0.181 |
| Neutrophils (mean, 109/L [SD]) | 8.00 (17.25) | 6.38 (3.88) | 10.17 (26.00) | 0.168 |
| Lymphocytes (mean, 109/L [SD]) | 1.30 (1.43) | 1.32 (0.96) | 1.29 (1.90) | 0.92 |
| Hemoglobin (mean, g/dL [SD]) | 12.91 (2.18) | 12.86 (2.10) | 12.98 (2.29) | 0.726 |
| Platelets (mean, 109/L [SD]) | 198.85 (95.22) | 211.38 (100.95) | 181.94 (84.71) | 0.051 |
| Severity of illness | ||||
| Severity classification | 0.001 | |||
| Mild | 11 (6.7) | 8 (8.6) | 3 (4.3) | |
| Moderate | 28 (17.2) | 24 (25.8) | 4 (5.7) | |
| Severe | 124 (76.1) | 61 (65.6) | 63 (90.0) | |
| Oxygen support at entry | <0.001 | |||
| No support | 78 (47.9) | 60 (64.5) | 18 (25.7) | |
| Nasal ducts | 43 (26.4) | 27 (29.0) | 16 (22.9) | |
| VentiMask | 13 (8.0) | 3 (3.2) | 10 (14.3) | |
| Reservoir | 29 (17.8) | 3 (3.2) | 26 (37.1) | |
| Radiology findings | 0.03 | |||
| No pneumonia | 22 (13.5) | 16 (17.2) | 6 (8.6) | |
| Unilateral pneumonia | 41 (25.2) | 28 (30.1) | 13 (18.6) | |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 100 (61.3) | 49 (52.7) | 51 (72.9) | |
Note: p‐values represent a comparison between survivors and dead groups.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C‐reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SD, standard deviation.