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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 18.
Published in final edited form as: Neurochem Res. 2021 May 31;46(10):2551–2579. doi: 10.1007/s11064-021-03340-y

Table 1.

Analysis of protein profiles (label-free spectral counts) from (A) normoglycemic, (B) aglycemic, (C) lactate- and (D) hybrid-fueled astrocytes

UniProt ID Gene Protein name Conditions (A–D)
 p-value
(A) 5 mM Glc (B) 0 mM Glc (C) 2.5 mM Lac (D) 5 mM
Glc + 2.5 mM
Lac		 A vs. B A vs. C A vs.
D
I Trypsin digestion control
  TRYP_PIG LOC100302368 Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) $ 48.4 ± 12.3 55.4 ± 3.9 55 ± 10.3 46 ± 6.2 0.49 0.52 0.81
II Astrocyte characterization
  GFAP_RAT Gfap Glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP 194.7 ± 40.3 186.3 ± 21.8 213.9 ± 31.7 204 ± 61.6 0.67 0.34 0.64
  GLNA_RAT Glul Glutamine synthetase # 12.1 ± 10.3 13.1 ± 4.8 9.1 ± 3.5 9.5 ± 9.1 0.85 0.52 0.57
  AL1A1_RAT Aldh1a1 Retinal dehydrogenase 1 4.4 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 0.4 4.7 ± 2.3 4.4 ± 1.8 0.88 0.93 0.99
  NDRG2_RAT Ndrg2 Protein NDRG2 6.2 ± 3.2 4.1 ± 0.4 5.1 ± 0.9 5.6 ± 0.0 0.529 0.758 0.877
  RAB6A_RAT Rab6a Ras-related protein, Rab-6A # 6.2 ± 1.7 5.3 ± 0.6 6.0 ± 2.6 7.6 ± 3.0 0.79 0.95 0.70
  EAA1_RAT Slc1a3 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1, EAAT1 # 21.9 ± 9.9 29.4 ± 7.1 26.5 ± 3.6 22.0 ± 9.0 0.29 0.51 0.99
  CXA1_RAT Gja1 Gap junction alpha-1 protein, connexin 43 2.9 ± 0.8 6.2 ± 1.6 3.7 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.9 0.256 0.735 0.506
  AQP4_RAT Aqp4 Aquaporin-4 4.1 ± 1.5 3.9 ± 1.2 5.1 ± 0.4 4.2 ± 1.4 0.939 0.748 0.966
  NEST_RAT Nes Nestin 17.3 ± 11.1 13.3 ± 7.3 19.1 ± 7.4 19.3 ± 11.7 0.475 0.762 0.740
  TBB3_RAT Tubb3 Tubulin beta-3 chain 90.2 ± 14.4 76.5 ± 14.5 93.5 ± 6.7 97.3 ± 20.1 0.287 0.810 0.608
  VIME_RAT Vim Vimentin 857.3 ± 180.5 871.4 ± 29.1 992.8 ± 31.9 898.1 ± 179.4 0.733 0.002 * 0.330
III Cytoskeleton (also see ad II for GFAP, nestin, beta-3 tubulin and vimentin)
  PLEC_RAT Plec Plectin 121 ± 30.6 142.4 ± 65.6 107.0 ± 36.8 80.2 ± 53.6 0.187 0.355 0.004 *
  1433E_RAT Ywhae 14–3-3 protein epsilon 34.8 ± 8.9 31.0 ± 7.0 49.9 ± 5.3 44.4 ± 6.8 0.636 0.1 0.279
  ACTG_RAT Actg1 Actin, cytoplasmic 2 (gamma) 482.2 ± 90.7 416.3 ± 79.2 390.9 ± 33.2 466.1 ± 121.0 0.028 * 0.002 * 0.601
  ACTC_RAT Actc1 Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 268.9 ± 21.8 266.1 ± 13.5 232.9 ± 14.5 289.4 ± 55.4 0.906 0.108 0.386
  ACTN1_RAT Actn1 Alpha-actinin-1 175.7 ± 16.0 129.1 ± 19.8 145.2 ± 4.8 169.7 ± 26.4 0.008 * 0.089 0.745
  ACTN4_RAT Actn4 Alpha-actinin-4 150.7 ± 17.6 102.4 ± 18.6 115.7 ± 6.5 135.9 ± 24.2 0.002 * 0.031 * 0.379
  DREB_RAT Dbn1 Drebrin 5.4 ± 2.9 3.5 ± 1.7 4.1 ± 1.0 5.2 ± 2.1 0.514 0.667 0.932
  EZRI_RAT Ezr Ezrin 29.0 ± 6.4 43.2 ± 5.9 32.6 ± 11.9 30.4 ± 1.3 0.094 0.648 0.864
  MOES_RAT Msn Moesin 52.0 ± 13.7 73.0 ± 9.0 53.3 ± 9.9 64.7 ± 7.5 0.059 0.902 0.238
  RAC1_RAT Rac1 Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 11.3 ± 0.6 9.8 ± 0.8 11.0 ± 0.8 9.0 ± 0.9 0.744 0.958 0.621
  ROCK2_RAT Rock2 Rho-associated protein kinase 2 6.4 ± 1.4 4.8 ± 1.2 3.4 ± 1.0 12.3 ± 6.8 0.625 0.340 0.168
  MYH9_RAT Myh9 Myosin-9 251.6 ± 62.2 213.5 ± 63.7 261.1 ± 36.6 245.8 ± 30.2 0.078 0.674 0.795
  MYH10_RAT Myh10 Myosin-10 171.2 ± 26.6 154.0 ± 39.0 182.1 ± 9.2 167.9 ± 23.6 0.341 0.563 0.859
  TPM1_RAT Tpm1 Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain 46.8 ± 7.5 36.0 ± 5.6 43.8 ± 4.3 54.1 ± 5.7 0.238 0.755 0.463
  TPM2_RAT Tpm2 Tropomyosin beta chain 35.7 ± 3.3 26.5 ± 1.2 29.9 ± 0.5 30.5 ± 2.6 0.244 0.474 0.524
  TPM3_RAT Tpm3 Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain 30.3 ± 2.0 23.3 ± 5.8 28.0 ± 3.5 32.1 ± 3.0 0.341 0.763 0.816
  TPM4_RAT Tpm4 Tropomyosin alpha-4 chain 34.4 ± 6.5 26.3 ± 7.6 34.2 ± 3.5 38.9 ± 0.1 0.292 0.972 0.607
  FINC_RAT Fn1 Fibronectin 35.3 ± 27.6 15.8 ± 8.2 15.8 ± 3.1 28.5 ± 18.6 0.006 * 0.006 * 0.395
  VINC_RAT Vcl Vinculin 88.9 ± 9.8 60.3 ± 6.7 71.6 ± 2.4 66.5 ± 11.0 0.019 * 0.173 0.073
  CADH2_RAT Cdh2 Cadherin-2 14.9 ± 2.8 19.9 ± 5.8 13.6 ± 2.7 14.1 ± 1.3 0.391 0.815 0.891
  ICAM1_RAT Icam1 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 4.8 ± 1.7 5.3 ± 2.0 5.2 ± 2.5 5.9 ± 1.5 0.875 0.911 0.756
  ARC1A_RAT Arpc1a Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A 2.5 ± 0.5 3.0 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.5 0.826 0.925 0.729
  ARPC2_RAT Arpc2 Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 14.9 ± 1.9 15.9 ± 2.3 6.8 ± 2.6 14.2 ± 2.0 0.847 0.077 0.902
  ARP2_RAT Actr2 Actin-related protein 2 15.1 ± 2.9 12.7 ± 2.6 13.1 ± 2.3 16.6 ± 2.0 0.649 0.698 0.795
  ARP3_RAT Actr3 Actin-related protein 3 28.6 ± 5.0 27.5 ± 1.0 23.1 ± 2.1 29.1 ± 3.6 0.893 0.448 0.947
  CAZA1_RAT Capza1 F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 6.6 ± 1.3 4.7 ± 1.7 5.5 ± 0.8 6.6 ± 1.4 0.568 0.754 0.984
  CAZA2_RAT Capza2 F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2 6.8 ± 1.5 5.3 ± 1.8 4.9 ± 1.0 7.0 ± 1.6 0.660 0.566 0.958
  CAPZB_RAT Capzb F-actin-capping protein subunit beta 11.0 ± 1.6 8.6 ± 2.0 9.2 ± 1.2 10.4 ± 3.7 0.586 0.689 0.897
  GELS_RAT Gsn Gelsolin 5.1 ± 0.9 3.5 ± 1.8 6.3 ± 1.9 6.0 ± 2.2 0.591 0.717 0.783
  PROF1_RAT Pfn1 Profilin-1 29.6 ± 8.0 17.0 ± 8.9 27.0 ± 9.7 28.6 ± 3.6 0.063 0.725 0.897
  SEPT2_RAT Sept.2 Septin-2 22.7 ± 0.3 24.6 ± 5.6 23.0 ± 0.9 20.5 ± 1.2 0.782 0.976 0.732
  SEPT7_RAT Sept.7 Septin-7 25.9 ± 0.9 27.6 ± 6.1 22.2 ± 2.7 20.4 ± 4.0 0.818 0.588 0.416
  SEPT8_RAT Sept.8 Septin-8 8.9 ± 1.1 8.3 ± 1.2 9.0 ± 0.3 7.5 ± 0.9 0.892 0.972 0.732
  SEPT9_RAT Sept.9 Septin-9 11.5 ± 1.8 13.0 ± 2.3 8.7 ± 1.2 11.9 ± 4.5 0.754 0.537 0.940
  SEP11_RAT Sept.11 Septin-11 24.9 ± 2.5 21.1 ± 3.7 20.1 ± 3.6 20.7 ± 2.5 0.572 0.472 0.535
  TBA1A_RAT Tuba1a Tubulin alpha-1A chain 125.2 ± 20.7 96 ± 11.7 120.3 ± 7.3 114.7 ± 17.8 0.050 * 0.754 0.499
  TBA1B_RAT Tuba1b Tubulin alpha-1B chain 125.6 ± 14.8 82.4 ± 3.4 105.3 109.9 ± 15.1 0.003 * NA 0.305
  TBA4A_RAT Tuba4a Tubulin alpha-4A chain 100.3 ± 10.5 67.7 ± 8.5 90.7 ± 8.1 94.4 ± 18.0 0.012 * 0.491 0.676
  TBB2B_RAT Tubb2b Tubulin beta-2B chain 148.6 ± 20.9 128.4 ± 26.9 149.2 ± 13.4 146.3 ± 32.3 0.224 0.971 0.894
  TBB4B_RAT Tubb4b Tubulin beta-4B chain 133.4 ± 15.2 119.6 ± 21.2 136.1 ± 11.1 139.2 ± 28.2 0.386 0.868 0.727
  TBB5_RAT Tubb5 Tubulin beta-5 chain 142.2 ± 16.6 124.6 ± 23.7 145.0 ± 10.6 146 ± 26.8 0.279 0.873 0.827
  MACF1_RAT Macf1 Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 2.9 ± 0.8 5.7 ± 4.9 4.5 ± 2.3 7.0 0.332 0.543 NA
  MAP1A_RAT Map1a Microtubule-associated protein 1A 5.1 ± 0.2 5.1 ± 2.8 4.3 ± 0.3 5.6 ± 2.0 0.995 0.811 0.882
  ACTZ_RAT Actr1a Alpha-centractin 8.7 ± 1.4 9.5 ± 1.0 9.4 ± 1.1 8.3 ± 2.2 0.866 0.870 0.920
IV Secretory organelle/vesicle trafficking
  MYO1C_RAT Myo1c Unconventional myosin-Ic 33.3 ± 9.4 27.1 ± 12.8 18.5 ± 5.5 21.8 ± 8.9 0.421 0.037 * 0.118
  MYO1D_RAT Myo1d Unconventional myosin-Id 6.4 ± 1.4 7.2 ± 1.6 5.4 3.9 ± 1.6 0.821 NA 0.443
  MYO1E_RAT Myo1e Unconventional myosin-Ie 7.8 ± 2.1 5.9 ± 3.3 5.0 ± 1.9 4.1 ± 1.2 0.619 0.431 0.282
  DYHC1_RAT Dync1h1 Cytoplasmic dynein 1 heavy chain 1 59.8 ± 9.8 50.3 ± 31.1 41.3 ± 9.1 40.1 ± 15.5 0.366 0.065 0.048 *
  DC1I2_RAT Dync1i2 Cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate chain 2 3.0 ± 0.8 3.9 ± 1.1 6.2 3.4 ± 0.8 0.741 NA 0.866
  DC1L2_RAT Dync1li2 Cytoplasmic dynein 1 light intermediate chain 2 4.3 ± 1.3 4.8 ± 1.9 4.8 ± 0.9 4.8 ± 2.1 0.881 0.883 0.881
  KINH_RAT Kif5b Kinesin-1 heavy chain 11.6 ± 4.7 10.3 ± 1.3 8.7 ± 3.2 10.2 ± 5.3 0.795 0.524 0.762
  KLC1_RAT Klc1 Kinesin light chain 1 4.6 ± 0.4 4.4 ± 0.8 2.7 ± 0.3 4.8 ± 1.7 0.936 0.467 0.960
  RAB7A_RAT Rab7a Ras-related protein Rab-7a 11.6 ± 1.4 11.3 ± 2.5 11.7 ± 1.4 11.4 ± 1.7 0.948 0.986 0.970
  RAB31_RAT Rab31 Ras-related protein Rab-31 4.1 ± 1.0 4.4 ± 1.8 5.8 ± 0.7 5.0 ± 0.9 0.904 0.592 0.759
V Secretory organelle/vesicle recycling
  RAB6A_RAT Rab6a Ras-related protein, Rab-6A # 6.2 ± 1.7 5.3 ± 0.6 6.0 ± 2.6 7.6 ± 3.0 0.79 0.95 0.70
  SC22B_RAT Sec22b Vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b 6.1 ± 0.6 8.9 ± 2.7 8.1 ± 2.6 5.3 ± 1.9 0.463 0.580 0.825
  USO1_RAT Uso1 General vesicular transport factor p115 5.7 ± 2.1 2.7 ± 0.7 4.7 ± 2.5 3.2 ± 1.3 0.291 0.765 0.410
  RB11B_RAT Rab11b Ras-related protein, Rab-11B 8.0 ± 3.1 6.5 ± 1.6 9.5 ± 1.0 8.1 ± 1.3 0.703 0.720 0.976
  STX12_RAT Stx12 Syntaxin 12 3.3 ± 0.9 4.4 ± 0.1 3.2 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.6 0.69 0.96 0.95
  VAMP2_RAT Vamp2 VAMP2/synaptobrevin 2 2.4 3.5 ND 2.3 NA NA NA
  VAMP3_RAT Vamp3 VAMP3/cellulbrevin 4 ± 1.0 5.9 ± 0.4 3.3 ± 1.5 4 ± 0.2 0.54 0.80 0.99
  VAMP7_RAT Vamp7 Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 ND 1.8 ± 0.0 ND ND NA NA NA
  LAMP1_RAT Lamp1 Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 8.2 ± 2.0 7.4 ± 2.4 7.0 ± 0.6 9.4 ± 2.4 0.852 0.754 0.765
  VATB2_RAT Atp6v1b2 V-type proton ATPase subunit B, brain isoform 4.7 ± 0.6 5.9 ± 1.1 5.5 ± 1.3 4.7 ± 1.4 0.72 0.83 0.99
  SCRN1_RAT Scrn1 Secernin-1 7.4 ± 3.8 6.2 ± 0.6 11.5 ± 2.6 15.7 ± 0.4 0.751 0.337 0.080
  SNAA_RAT Napa Alpha-soluble NSF attachment protein 3.4 ± 1.4 2.6 ± 0.0 2.4 ± 0.8 2.3 ± 0.4 0.745 0.667 0.638
  CAV1_RAT Cav1 Caveolin-1 8.2 ± 2.0 8.9 ± 2.6 8.2 ± 2.5 7.7 ± 1.5 0.855 0.999 0.912
  CLH1_RAT Cltc Clathrin heavy chain 1 47.2 ± 22.2 69.0 ± 20.6 77.2 ± 5.6 77.1 ± 4.4 0.043 * 0.007 * 0.007 *
  AP2M1_RAT Ap2m1 AP-2 complex subunit mu 9.6 ± 2.2 12.1 ± 2.7 10.4 ± 0.8 9.8 ± 2.2 0.587 0.848 0.951
  DYN2_RAT Dnm2 Dynamin-2 5.9 ± 2.0 5.9 ± 3.7 6.8 ± 2.9 5.4 ± 1.1 0.997 0.799 0.880
  ANXA1_RAT Anxa1 Annexin A1 50.1 ± 10.4 32.4 ± 8.0 57.2 ± 6.8 56.3 ± 11.1 0.050 * 0.494 0.554
  ANXA2_RAT Anxa2 Annexin A2 79.8 ± 8.6 67.4 ± 5.6 82.0 ± 7.7 89.2 ± 8.6 0.306 0.860 0.470
  ANXA4_RAT Anxa4 Annexin A4 4.6 ± 0.8 2.1 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 1.5 0.316 0.516 0.724
  ANXA6_RAT Anxa6 Annexin A6 39.8 ± 4.3 28.0 ± 9.7 38.5 ± 9.7 53.1 ± 5.5 0.150 0.884 0.168
VI Calcium dynamics
  AT2A2_RAT Atp2a2 Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 24 ± 2.5 22 ± 5.3 16.7 ± 1.9 17 ± 4.7 0.77 0.25 0.27
  ITPR2_RAT Itpr2 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 2 ND 1.8 2.2 ND NA NA NA
  REVERSE_RYR2_RAT-DECOY Ryr2 Ryanodine receptor 2 1.9 ND ND ND NA NA NA
  NAC1_RAT Slc8a1 Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 ND 1.8 ND ND NA NA NA
  STIM1_RAT Stim1 Stromal interaction molecule 1 ND 1.8 ND ND NA NA NA
  ESYT1_RAT Esyt1 Extended synaptotagmin-1 13.6 ± 5.4 9.6 ± 5.0 6.8 ± 2.1 8.5 ± 4.6 0.40 0.13 0.28
  VDAC1_RAT Vdac1 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 28.3 ± 1.9 34.8 ± 7.0 24.7 ± 4.1 29.7 ± 8.8 0.419 0.614 0.863
  VDAC2_RAT Vdac2 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 14.1 ± 2.3 17.8 ± 2.2 10.3 ± 2.7 11.7 ± 2.3 0.51 0.43 0.63
  VDAC3_RAT Vdac3 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 12.1 ± 2.5 16.9 ± 1.7 12.0 ± 0.9 12.0 ± 1.9 0.372 0.983 0.979
  NAC1_RAT Slc8a1 Sodium/calcium exchanger 1, NCLX ND 1.8 ND ND NA NA NA
  MPCP_RAT Slc25a3 Phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial 19.3 ± 4.0 23.7 ± 2.1 18.2 ± 0.2 20.6 ± 5.7 0.504 0.847 0.845
  ADT2_RAT Slc25a5 ADP/ATP translocase 2 25.7 ± 2.6 28.5 ± 3.8 23.9 ± 2.8 25.9 ± 7.0 0.703 0.795 0.975
VII Metabolism
  Glucose transport
 GTR1_RAT Slc2a1 Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 8.4 ± 1.8 2.6 6.9 ± 0.8 7.7 ± 0.8 NA 0.71 0.85
  Lactate transport
 MOT1_RAT Slc16a1 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 6.5 ± 1.9 8.0 ± 2.0 5.2 ± 1.8 5.8 ± 2.0 0.69 0.72 0.85
  Glutamate metabolism
 EAA1_RAT Slc1a3 Excitatory amino acid transporter 1, EAAT1 # 21.9 ± 9.9 29.4 ± 7.1 26.5 ± 3.6 22 ± 9.0 0.29 0.51 0.99
 GLNA_RAT Glul Glutamine synthetase # 12.1 ± 10.3 13.1 ± 4.8 9.1 ± 3.5 9.5 ± 9.1 0.85 0.52 0.57
 DHE3_RAT Glud1 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial 28 ± 3.6 31.8 ± 7.3 28.6 ± 3.1 32.6 ± 3.0 0.62 0.94 0.55
  Glucose phosphorylation
 HXK1_RAT Hk1 Hexokinase-1 50.5 ± 2.5 49.9 ± 9.6 50.1 ± 6.2 43.4 ± 2.4 0.95 0.97 0.46
  Glycolysis
 G6PI_RAT Gpi Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase 25.2 ± 0.7 20.4 ± 4.0 34.7 ± 3.4 30.4 ± 4.0 0.48 0.22 0.48
 K6PF_RAT Pfkm 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type 6.7 ± 1.0 9.5 ± 2.4 11.1 ± 3.3 13.9 ± 5.0 0.49 0.30 0.11
 K6PL_RAT Pfkl 6-phosphofructokinase, liver type 8.8 ± 1.7 8.0 ± 2.7 12.8 ± 5.6 11.2 ± 5.0 0.84 0.39 0.60
 ALDOA_RAT Aldoa Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A 57.1 ± 10.7 58.5 ± 5.7 48.9 ± 4.3 55.0 ± 1.8 0.90 0.43 0.84
 TPIS_RAT Tpi1 Triosephosphate isomerase 19.3 ± 4.3 12.7 ± 1.3 20.8 ± 6.0 20.3 ± 0.5 0.25 0.80 0.87
 G3P_RAT Gapdh Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH 157.0 ± 10.0 135.5 ± 6.3 147.5 ± 27.5 149.6 ± 13.6 0.21 0.59 0.68
 PGK1_RAT Pgk1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 31.1 ± 6.6 24.5 ± 4.1 32.0 ± 1.6 28.6 ± 8.0 0.38 0.90 0.75
 PGM1_RAT Pgm1 Phosphoglucomutase-1 10.8 ± 7.0 13.5 ± 5.2 19.1 ± 7.1 14.8 ± 3.3 0.58 0.13 0.43
 ENOA_RAT Eno1 Alpha-enolase 83.8 ± 16.2 64.5 ± 19.7 98.2 ± 6.9 80.8 ± 17.3 0.11 0.28 0.82
 KPYM_RAT Pkm Pyruvate kinase PKM 74.2 ± 6.9 57.1 ± 16.0 85.5 ± 16.6 78.8 ± 16.7 0.14 0.37 0.71
 LDHA_RAT Ldha L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain 72.8 ± 9.3 58.7 ± 12.7 71.1 ± 14.4 75.5 ± 16.0 0.22 0.88 0.83
 LDHB_RAT Ldhb L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain 26.3 ± 1.4 23.9 ± 5.3 32.1 ± 2.9 34.6 ± 6.8 0.74 0.44 0.28
  Pyruvate conversion
 PYC_RAT Pc Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial 10.4 ± 4.3 10.7 ± 7.1 7.8 ± 2.0 4.0 ± 2.1 0.94 0.54 0.09
 ODPB_RAT Pdhb Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial 14.8 ± 0.2 10.1 ± 0.6 8.3 ± 0.7 12.7 ± 2.7 0.342 0.176 0.682
  TCA cycle
 CISY_RAT Cs Citrate synthase, mitochondrial 18.5 ± 4.0 19.9 ± 4.0 14.1 ± 1.4 12.2 ± 1.4 0.82 0.44 0.25
 ACON_RAT Aco2 Aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial 27.8 ± 3.1 33.2 ± 3.5 28.3 ± 3.9 30.0 ± 3.9 0.49 0.95 0.78
 IDHP_RAT Idh2 Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP], mitochondrial 26.9 ± 5.4 33.0 ± 4.6 25.9 ± 4.3 22.2 ± 3.4 0.43 0.89 0.50
 IDH3A_RAT Idh3A Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit alpha, mitochondrial 11.9 ± 2.8 13.9 ± 2.5 14.4 ± 6.6 13.6 ± 1.7 0.69 0.62 0.73
 IDH3B_RAT Idh3B Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit beta, mitochondrial 4.3 ± 0.5 4.8 ± 1.2 3.7 ± 0.3 4.5 ± 1.7 0.88 0.96 0.96
 ODO1_RAT Ogdh 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial 12.5 ± 6.1 18.7 ± 4.3 11.6 ± 2.8 9.5 ± 2.2 0.27 0.85 0.52
 SUCA_RAT Suclg1 Succinyl-CoA ligase [ADP/GDP-forming] subunit alpha, mitochondrial 4.9 ± 1.3 3.9 ± 1.9 3.8 ± 1.6 3.8 ± 0.3 0.74 0.71 0.71
 DHSA_RAT Sdha Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial 10.3 ± 2.4 10.7 ± 0.9 7.9 ± 0.7 11.0 ± 1.9 0.94 0.57 0.89
 MDHM_RAT Mdh2 Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial # 44.5 ± 6.4 40.0 ± 4.6 39.3 ± 8.7 47.8 ± 9.4 0.63 0.57 0.73
  Malate shuttle
 AATC_RAT Got1 Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic ND ND 2.0 ± 0.3 ND NA NA NA
 MDHC_RAT Mdh1 Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic 21.8 ± 1.3 16.5 ± 2.4 22.2 ± 2.2 22.7 ± 2.9 0.40 0.95 0.89
 MDHM_RAT Mdh2 Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial # 44.0 ± 6.4 40.0 ± 4.6 39.0 ± 8.7 47.8 ± 9.4 0.63 0.57 0.73
 AATM_RAT Got2 Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial 20.9 ± 0.8 26.7 ± 1.9 20.2 ± 1.2 23.7 ± 2.0 0.40 0.92 0.68
 MAOX_RAT Me1 NADP-dependent malic enzyme 5.2 ± 1.2 5.7 ± 3.9 8.4 ± 2.3 6.8 ± 2.6 0.888 0.383 0.641
  Glycogenesis
 PGM1_RAT Pgm1 Phosphoglucomutase-1 10.8 ± 7.0 13.5 ± 5.2 19.1 ± 7.1 14.8 ± 3.3 0.58 0.13 0.43
 UGGG1_RAT Uggt1 UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 7.8 ± 2.8 9.8 ± 3.7 7.3 ± 1.5 12.9 ± 6.1 0.65 0.89 0.26
 GYS1_RAT Gys1 Glycogen synthase ND 1.7 ND ND NA NA NA
  Glycogenolysis
 PYGB_RAT Pygb Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form (Fragment) 39.7 ± 4.4 24.5 ± 8.4 33.3 ± 8.5 34.6 ± 5.1 0.06 0.45 0.55
  Pentose phosphate pathway
 G6PD_RAT G6pdx Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase 13.9 ± 2.2 10.8 ± 7.0 18.6 ± 6.8 16.5 ± 3.7 0.53 0.41 0.65
 6PGD_RAT Pgd 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating 22.2 ± 2.1 20.4 ± 2.4 18.6 ± 4.0 17.1 ± 1.9 0.78 0.57 0.42
 TALDO_RAT Taldo1 Transaldolase 11.4 ± 2.4 8.5 ± 3.5 12.6 ± 2.5 9.7 ± 4.0 0.52 0.80 0.72
 TKT_RAT Tkt Transketolase 23.6 ± 4.8 26.9 ± 4.3 28.2 ± 3.0 25.7 ± 2.0 0.64 0.52 0.76
  Fatty acid metabolism
 ACLY_RAT Acly ATP-citrate synthase 24.9 ± 7.8 21.4 ± 4.0 22.7 ± 1.5 18.0 ± 5.9 0.61 0.75 0.29
 FAS_RAT Fasn Fatty acid synthase 17.5 ± 9.1 28.7 ± 4.5 34.9 ± 13.8 16.4 ± 10.7 0.10 0.015 * 0.85
VIII Transcription
  SND1_RAT Snd1 Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 28.7 ± 7.3 24.6 ± 1.5 23.6 ± 5.2 15.2 ± 2.0 0.570 0.483 0.040 *
  U520_RAT Snrnp200 U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 200 kDa helicase 3.0 ± 1.0 12.5 ± 8.2 6.0 ± 1.9 5.2 ± 2.4 0.012 * 0.309 0.436
  HDAC1_RAT Hdac1 Histone deacetylase 1 3.0 ± 1.0 3.9 ± 1.1 2.9 ± 1.5 4.5 ± 1.1 0.734 0.985 0.574

Classification categories of proteins are indicated in Roman numbers (I-VIII) and bold. Subclasses in the category VII are italicized

The relative abundance of each protein was assessed using label-free spectral counts, shown as mean of three (two for italicized entries) biological replicates ± SD. Single entries without SD indicate proteins that were detected in 1of 3 biological replicates from a given treatment

Bold p-values denote significant increase, while bold and underlined p-values denote significant decrease. G-test (likelihood ratio test for independence)

*

statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05 as compared to normoglycemic astrocytes (condition A)

Glc D-glucose; Lac L-lactate; ND not detected; NA not applicable

$

Currently only the temporary gene symbol assigned to the locus (LOC) is available for the trypsin pro-peptide (A0A4X1V2S2_PIG, Peptidase S1 domain-containing protein); obtained by BLAST search (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)

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Indicates proteins listed in more than one pathway