Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up health outcomes of hearing-impaired middle-aged and older adults by group assignment
| Health outcomes | Total sample (n = 385) | Treatment group (n = 150) | Control group (n = 235) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
| Primary outcomes | ||||||
| HHIE-S, mean (SD) | 31.65 (0.39) | 31.80 (0.45) | 33.49 (0.45) | 31.90 (0.70) | 30.47 (0.56) | 31.74 (0.58) |
| HHIE-S-Emotional, mean (SD) | 14.01 (0.24) | 14.08 (0.26) | 15.00 (0.30) | 14.28 (0.42) | 13.37 (0.34) | 13.95 (0.34) |
| HHIE-S-Situational, mean (SD) | 17.64 (0.20) | 17.72 (0.22) | 18.49 (0.22) | 17.61 (0.34) | 17.10 (0.29) | 17.79 (0.29) |
| SF-12-Physical, mean (SD) | 40.75 (0.43) | 36.59 (0.62) | 40.68 (0.70) | 36.88 (0.99) | 40.80 (0.54) | 36.41 (0.79) |
| SF-12-Mental, mean (SD) | 40.01 (0.49) | 45.59 (0.68) | 40.99 (0.80) | 45.55 (1.10) | 39.39 (0.62) | 45.62 (0.88) |
| EQ-5D-5L, mean (SD) | 0.76 (0.01) | 0.74 (0.01) | 0.75 (0.02) | 0.74 (0.02) | 0.77 (0.01) | 0.74 (0.02) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Chronic diseases, N (%) | ||||||
| No | 101 (26.23) | 90 (25.86) | 46 (30.67) | 36 (27.07) | 55 (23.40) | 54 (25.12) |
| Yes | 284 (73.77) | 258 (74.14) | 104 (69.33) | 97 (72.93) | 180 (76.60) | 161 (74.88) |
| ADLs, N (%) | ||||||
| Unimpaired | 295 (76.62) | 311 (89.37) | 119 (79.33) | 120 (90.23) | 176 (74.89) | 191 (88.84) |
| Impaired | 90 (23.38) | 37 (10.63) | 31 (20.67) | 13 (9.77) | 59 (25.11) | 24 (11.16) |
| IADLs, N (%) | ||||||
| Unimpaired | 123 (31.95) | 179 (51.14) | 40 (26.67) | 70 (51.85) | 83 (35.32) | 109 (50.70) |
| Impaired | 262 (68.05) | 171 (48.86) | 110 (73.33) | 65 (48.15) | 152 (64.68) | 106 (49.30) |
| Depressive symptoms, N (%) | ||||||
| No | 245 (63.64) | 196 (56.00) | 92 (61.33) | 79 (58.52) | 153 (65.11) | 117 (54.42) |
| Yes | 140 (36.36) | 154 (44.00) | 58 (38.67) | 56 (41.48) | 82 (34.89) | 98 (45.58) |
| Cognition scores measured by MMSE, mean (SD) | 16.93 (0.45) | 17.40 (0.46) | 17.07 (0.75) | 17.22 (0.72) | 16.83 (0.56) | 17.51 (0.59) |
Abbreviations: HHIE-S Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version, SF-12 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, EQ-5D-5L EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level, ADLs activities of daily living, IADLs instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-Mental State Exam