Table 3.
Differences in health outcomes between the intervention and control groups during baseline and follow-up hearing surveys
| Health outcomes | DID | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment × time coefficient | 95% CI | p value | |
| Primary outcomes | |||
| HHIE-S | − 2.86 | − 4.85, − 0.86 | 0.005 |
| HHIE-S-Emotional | − 1.42 | − 2.70, − 0.15 | 0.029 |
| HHIE-S-Situational | − 1.43 | − 2.47, − 0.40 | 0.007 |
| SF-12-Physical | 0.67 | − 2.86, 4.20 | 0.711 |
| SF-12-Mental | − 2.23 | − 5.93, 1.47 | 0.236 |
| EQ-5D-5L | 0.02 | − 0.04, 0.08 | 0.583 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||
| Chronic diseases | 0.05 | − 0.07, 0.17 | 0.426 |
| ADLs | 0.03 | − 0.09, 0.14 | 0.648 |
| IADLs | − 0.09 | − 0.23, 0.04 | 0.178 |
| Depressive symptoms | − 0.14 | − 0.27, − 0.01 | 0.042 |
| Cognition scores | 0.08 | − 1.76, 1.91 | 0.935 |
All models adjusted for age, sex, hukou types, education, marital status, work types, life sources, health insurance, pure-tone average, smoking status, drinking status, social activities, and social network
Abbreviations: HHIE-S Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version, SF-12 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, EQ-5D-5L EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level, ADLs activities of daily living, IADLs instrumental activities of daily living