Effects of different fractions of Tamarindus indica (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate) on antioxidant enzymes levels in Alzheimer's disease-induced rats^a.

Parameter	Control	AlCl3-AD	n-Hexane	Dichloromethane	Ethyl acetate	Donepezil drug
GSH (μg per mg protein)	3100.00 ± 100.0a	1200.60 ± 29.2b	2650.60 ± 72.00d	2210.00 ± 30.90c	2720.0 ± 34.99d	2490.00 ± 23.70d
% Change		−61.27	−14.51	−28.70	−12.25	−19.67
% Improvement			46.70	32.50	49.09	41.60
MDA (μg per mg protein)	31.60 ± 2.10e	80.00 ± 3.90f	45.44 ± 2.90g	50.00 ± 3.76g	44.00 ± 2.70g	50.76 ± 3.00g
% Change		153.00	43.60	58.20	39.20	60.60
% Improvement			109.30	94.90	113.90	92.60
SOD (μmol per mg protein)	1800.00 ± 50.77h	800 ± 23.12i	1750.33 ± 50.00h	1480.67 ± 60.66j	1690.33 ± 43.90h	1550.30 ± 40.00j
% Change		−55.55	−2.80	−17.77	−6.09	−13.80
% Improvement			52.77	37.70	49.44	41.60
CAT (U per g tissue)	200.00 ± 90.00k	55.10 ± 4.80l	180.90 ± 10.00n	145.00 ± 8.00m	167.61 ± 8.90n	157.00 ± 9.00n
% Change		−72.45	−9.55	−27.5	−16.20	−21.50
% Improvement			62.90	44.95	56.25	50.95
TAC (U per g tissue)	2.00 ± 0.023o	1.00 ± 0.20p	1.96 ± 0.42o	1.80 ± 0.25o	1.91 ± 0.20o	1.91 ± 0.66o
% Change		−50.00	−2.00	−10.00	−4.50	−4.50
% Improvement			48.00	40.00	45.50	45.50

^aData are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). Groups with similar letters are not significantly different, while those with different letters are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05. GSH: glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity.