Table 2.
Associations between basic and pandemic-related characteristics and being in latent classes for anxiety symptoms.
| Variables | Overall (n = 609)a |
No pre-pandemic anxiety, slight increase^ (n = 359, 58.9%) |
Consistently fair (n = 250, 41.1%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 50–69 | 315 (51.7) | 192 (53.5) | 123 (49.2) | - |
| 23–49 | 90 (14.8) | 33 (9.2) | 57 (22.8) | 2.25 (1.26–4.04)⁎⁎ |
| 70 and over | 204 (33.5) | 134 (37.3) | 70 (28.0) | 0.88 (0.57–1.32) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 303 (49.8) | 206 (57.4) | 97 (38.8) | - |
| Female | 306 (50.2) | 153 (42.6) | 153 (61.2) | 1.76 (1.19–2.60)⁎⁎ |
| Marital status | ||||
| As a coupleb | 402 (66.0) | 240 (66.9) | 162 (64.8) | - |
| Other | 207 (34.0) | 119 (33.1) | 88 (35.2) | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) |
| Education | ||||
| Diploma level BAC+ 3 or higher | 293 (48.1) | 173 (48.2) | 120 (48.0) | - |
| General baccalaureate or diploma level BAC + 2 | 166 (27.3) | 90 (25.1) | 76 (30.4) | 1.31 (0.85–2.01) |
| Less than general baccalaureate | 138 (22.7) | 90 (25.1) | 48 (19.2) | 0.94 (0.58–1.51) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural area (fewer than 5000 inhabitants) | 121 (19.9) | 72 (20.1) | 49 (19.6) | - |
| Municipality inhabitants: 5000–30,000 | 261 (42.9) | 157 (43.7) | 104 (41.6) | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) |
| Municipality inhabitants: ≥30,000 | 211 (34.6) | 122 (34.0) | 89 (35.6) | 0.91 (0.54–1.54) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Once a month or less | 127 (20.9) | 70 (19.5) | 57 (22.8) | - |
| More than once a month | 453 (74.4) | 273 (76.0) | 180 (72.0) | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) |
| Tobacco consumption | ||||
| Ex- or non-smoker | 516 (84.7) | 308 (85.8) | 208 (83.2) | - |
| Current smoker | 63 (10.3) | 35 (9.7) | 28 (11.2) | 1.07 (0.59–1.92) |
| Having outdoor space during the 1st lockdown | ||||
| No | 69 (11.3) | 34 (9.5) | 35 (14.0) | - |
| Yes | 521 (85.6) | 314 (87.5) | 207 (82.8) | 0.76 (0.41–1.40) |
| Personal living space during the 1st lockdown | ||||
| >30 m2 | 514 (84.4) | 316 (88.0) | 198 (79.2) | - |
| 30 m2 or less | 73 (12.0) | 30 (8.4) | 43 (17.2) | 1.29 (0.70–2.37) |
| Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test during the 1st lockdownc | ||||
| No | 475 (78.0) | 286 (79.7) | 189 (75.6) | - |
| Yes | 134 (22.0) | 73 (20.3) | 61 (24.4) | 1.16 (0.75–1.79) |
| Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test during the 2nd lockdownc | ||||
| No | 350 (57.5) | 216 (60.2) | 134 (53.6) | - |
| Yes | 259 (42.5) | 143 (39.8) | 116 (46.4) | 1.27 (0.87–1.85) |
Bold value: <0.05. **: P<0.01. ^: reference group. -: reference group.
Note: Missing values were handled using multiple imputation.
a
There were 4 participants with missing values concerning GAD at all three waves.
b
Marriage, civil partnership or cohabitation with a spouse/partner.
c
Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test for the participants, family members, friends or acquaintances.