Table 4.
Associations between basic and pandemic-related characteristics and being in latent classes for self-perceived mental health.
| Variables | Overall (n = 613) |
Very good^ (n = 68, 11.1%) |
Very good and slightly improving (n = 126, 20.6%) |
Good and stable (n = 241, 39.3%) |
Good pre-pandemic and deteriorating at the second lockdown (n = 178, 29.0%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 50–69 | 316 (51.5) | 37 (54.4) | 71 (56.3) | - | 118 (49.0) | - | 90 (50.6) | - |
| 23–49 | 92 (15.0) | 6 (8.8) | 16 (12.7) | 1.10 (0.35–3.41) | 42 (17.4) | 1.49 (0.52–4.32) | 28 (15.7) | 1.48 (0.49–4.46) |
| 70 and over | 205 (33.4) | 25 (36.8) | 39 (31.0) | 0.82 (0.41–1.64) | 81 (33.6) | 1.31 (0.70–2.45) | 60 (33.7) | 1.43 (0.73–2.79) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 304 (49.6) | 51 (75.0) | 76 (60.3) | - | 113 (46.9) | - | 64 (36.0) | - |
| Female | 309 (50.4) | 17 (25.0) | 50 (39.7) | 1.75 (0.83–3.70) | 128 (53.1) | 3.46 (1.72–6.95)⁎⁎⁎ | 114 (64.0) | 4.53 (2.19–9.37)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| As a couplea | 403 (65.7) | 49 (72.1) | 79 (62.7) | - | 169 (70.1) | - | 106 (59.6) | - |
| Other | 210 (34.3) | 19 (27.9) | 47 (37.3) | 0.99 (0.46–2.15) | 72 (29.9) | 0.56 (0.27–1.15) | 72 (40.4) | 0.78 (0.37–1.66) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Diploma level BAC+ 3 or higher | 295 (48.1) | 33 (48.5) | 65 (51.6) | - | 113 (46.9) | - | 84 (47.2) | - |
| General baccalaureate or diploma level BAC + 2 | 166 (27.1) | 14 (20.6) | 26 (20.6) | 0.99 (0.43–2.28) | 67 (27.8) | 1.86 (0.88–3.94) | 59 (33.1) | 1.97 (0.90–4.30) |
| Less than general baccalaureate | 138 (22.5) | 21 (30.9) | 31 (24.6) | 1.02 (0.49–2.15) | 54 (22.4) | 1.05 (0.53–2.11) | 32 (18.0) | 0.86 (0.40–1.85) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Municipality inhabitants: ≥30,000 | 212 (34.6) | 15 (22.1) | 39 (31.0) | - | 85 (35.3) | - | 73 (41.0) | - |
| Municipality inhabitants: 5000–30,000 | 264 (43.1) | 32 (47.1) | 66 (52.4) | 0.87 (0.40–1.92) | 96 (39.8) | 0.50 (0.24–1.05) | 70 (39.3) | 0.49 (0.23–1.07) |
| Rural area (<5000 inhabitants) | 121 (19.7) | 21 (30.9) | 18 (14.3) | 0.39 (0.15–0.99)⁎ | 52 (21.6) | 0.54 (0.24–1.23) | 30 (16.9) | 0.35 (0.15–0.85) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| Once a month or less | 127 (20.7) | 16 (23.5) | 27 (21.4) | - | 48 (19.9) | - | 36 (20.2) | - |
| More than once a month | 455 (74.2) | 51 (75.0) | 94 (74.6) | 1.33 (0.62–2.87) | 180 (74.7) | 1.53 (0.75–3.12) | 130 (73.0) | 1.72 (0.81–3.67) |
| Tobacco consumption | ||||||||
| Ex- or non-smoker | 518 (84.5) | 61 (89.7) | 110 (87.3) | - | 203 (84.2) | - | 144 (80.9) | - |
| Current smoker | 63 (10.3) | 6 (8.8) | 11 (8.7) | 1.06 (0.36–3.11) | 24 (10.0) | 0.91 (0.33–2.47) | 22 (12.4) | 1.19 (0.42–3.33) |
| Having outdoor space during the 1st lockdown | ||||||||
| No | 69 (11.3) | 4 (5.9) | 16 (12.7) | - | 22 (9.1) | - | 27 (15.2) | - |
| Yes | 524 (85.5) | 64 (94.1) | 104 (82.5) | 0.68 (0.19–2.44) | 210 (87.1) | 0.86 (0.25–2.98) | 146 (82.0) | 0.67 (0.19–2.33) |
| Personal living space during the 1st lockdown | ||||||||
| >30 m2 | 73 (11.9) | 4 (5.9) | 11 (8.7) | - | 35 (14.5) | - | 23 (12.9) | - |
| 30 m2 or less | 517 (84.3) | 64 (94.1) | 109 (86.5) | 1.01 (0.27–3.77) | 197 (81.7) | 1.91 (0.59–6.17) | 147 (82.6) | 1.60 (0.47–5.48) |
| Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test during the 1st lockdownb | ||||||||
| No | 478 (78.0) | 61 (89.7) | 96 (76.2) | - | 194 (80.5) | - | 127 (71.3) | - |
| Yes | 135 (22.0) | 7 (10.3) | 30 (23.8) | 2.15 (0.86–5.41) | 47 (19.5) | 1.66 (0.68–4.03) | 51 (28.7) | 2.49 (1.02–6.12)⁎ |
| Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test during the 2nd lockdownb | ||||||||
| No | 353 (57.6) | 50 (73.5) | 70 (55.6) | - | 138 (57.3) | - | 95 (53.4) | - |
| Yes | 260 (42.4) | 18 (26.5) | 56 (44.4) | 1.75 (0.88–3.49) | 103 (42.7) | 1.69 (0.89–3.24) | 83 (46.6) | 1.83 (0.93–3.60) |
Bold value: <0.05. *: P< 0.05. **: P<0.01. ***: P<0.001. ^: Reference group. -: Reference group.
Note: Missing values were handled using multiple imputation.
a
Marriage, civil partnership or cohabitation with a spouse/partner.
b
Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test for the participants, family members, friends or acquaintances.