Table 5.
Associations between basic and pandemic-related characteristics and being in latent classes for self-perceived physical health.
| Variables | Overall (n = 613) |
Best and improving^ (n = 76, 12.4%) |
Best and slightly improving (n = 157, 25.6%) |
Good and stable (n = 252, 41.1%) |
Good pre-pandemic and deteriorating at the second lockdown (n = 128, 20.9%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 50–69 | 316 (51.5) | 43 (56.6) | 89 (56.7) | - | 125 (49.6) | - | 59 (46.1) | - |
| 23–49 | 92 (15.0) | 9 (11.8) | 16 (10.2) | 1.10 (0.39–3.09) | 44 (17.5) | 1.56 (0.59–4.13) | 23 (18.0) | 1.93 (0.67–5.56) |
| 70 and over | 205 (33.4) | 24 (31.6) | 52 (33.1) | 0.97 (0.50–1.86) | 83 (32.9) | 1.40 (0.76–2.59) | 46 (35.9) | 1.67 (0.84–3.33) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 304 (49.6) | 49 (64.5) | 86 (54.8) | - | 118 (46.8) | - | 51 (39.8) | - |
| Female | 309 (50.4) | 27 (35.5) | 71 (45.2) | 1.46 (0.75–2.84) | 134 (53.2) | 2.34 (1.25–4.38)⁎⁎ | 77 (60.2) | 2.58 (1.29–5.18)⁎⁎ |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| As a couplea | 403 (65.7) | 51 (67.1) | 97 (61.8) | - | 178 (70.6) | - | 77 (60.2) | - |
| Other | 210 (34.3) | 25 (32.9) | 60 (38.2) | 1.11 (0.55–2.24) | 74 (29.4) | 0.60 (0.31–1.19) | 51 (39.8) | 0.79 (0.38–1.67) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Diploma level BAC+ 3 or higher | 295 (48.1) | 37 (48.7) | 76 (48.4) | - | 119 (47.2) | - | 63 (49.2) | - |
| General baccalaureate or diploma level BAC + 2 | 166 (27.1) | 19 (25.0) | 38 (24.2) | 0.84 (0.40–1.73) | 73 (29.0) | 1.25 (0.64–2.45) | 36 (28.1) | 1.16 (0.55–2.44) |
| Less than general baccalaureate | 138 (22.5) | 19 (25.0) | 37 (23.6) | 1.03 (0.49–2.14) | 56 (22.2) | 1.07 (0.53–2.14) | 26 (20.3) | 0.85 (0.38–1.91) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Municipality inhabitants: ≥30,000 | 212 (34.6) | 22 (28.9) | 50 (31.8) | - | 86 (34.1) | - | 54 (42.2) | - |
| Municipality inhabitants: 5000–30,000 | 264 (43.1) | 33 (43.4) | 73 (46.5) | 0.95 (0.47–1.93) | 114 (45.2) | 0.89 (0.46–1.76) | 44 (34.4) | 0.62 (0.29–1.31) |
| Rural area (<5000 inhabitants) | 121 (19.7) | 19 (25.0) | 28 (17.8) | 0.63 (0.27–1.45) | 47 (18.7) | 0.71 (0.33–1.56) | 27 (21.1) | 0.63 (0.27–1.50) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| Once a month or less | 127 (20.7) | 21 (27.6) | 32 (20.4) | - | 46 (18.3) | - | 28 (21.9) | - |
| More than once a month | 455 (74.2) | 52 (68.4) | 119 (75.8) | 1.55 (0.78–3.09) | 193 (76.6) | 1.97 (1.02–3.80)⁎ | 91 (71.1) | 1.91 (0.91–4.01) |
| Tobacco consumption | ||||||||
| Ex- or non-smoker | 518 (84.5) | 69 (90.8) | 137 (87.3) | - | 212 (84.1) | - | 100 (78.1) | - |
| Current smoker | 63 (10.3) | 4 (5.3) | 13 (8.3) | 1.31 (0.39–4.39) | 27 (10.7) | 1.86 (0.61–5.67) | 19 (14.8) | 2.91 (0.91–9.26) |
| Having outdoor space during the 1st lockdown | ||||||||
| No | 69 (11.3) | 6 (5.9) | 11 (7.0) | - | 30 (11.9) | - | 22 (17.2) | - |
| Yes | 524 (85.5) | 69 (94.1) | 137 (87.3) | 1.06 (0.32–3.51) | 215 (85.3) | 0.51 (0.17–1.53) | 103 (80.5) | 0.44 (0.14–1.41) |
| Personal living space during the 1st lockdown | ||||||||
| >30 m2 | 517 (84.3) | 69 (90.8) | 135 (86.0) | - | 208 (82.5) | - | 105 (82.0) | - |
| 30 m2 or less | 73 (11.9) | 6 (7.9) | 13 (8.3) | 1.13 (0.36–3.58) | 36 (14.3) | 1.47 (0.51–4.23) | 18 (14.1) | 1.37 (0.43–4.34) |
| Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test (the participants) during the 1st lockdownb | ||||||||
| No | 609 (98.9) | 76 (100) | 155 (98.7) | / | 248 (98.4) | / | 127 (99.2) | / |
| Yes | 7 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | / | 4 (1.6) | / | 1 (0.8) | / |
| Clinical diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test (the participants) during the 2nd lockdown | ||||||||
| No | 590 (96.2) | 74 (97.4) | 153 (97.5) | - | 246 (97.6) | - | 117 (91.4) | - |
| Yes | 23 (3.8) | 2 (2.6) | 4 (2.5) | 1.05 (0.18–6.07) | 6 (2.4) | 0.77 (0.14–4.26) | 11 (8.6) | 3.05 (0.59–15.73) |
Bold value: <0.05. *: P< 0.05. **: P<0.01. ***: P<0.001. ^: Reference group. -: Reference group.
Note: Missing values were handled using multiple imputation.
a
Marriage, civil partnership or cohabitation with a spouse/partner.
b
This variable was not adjusted in the multinomial regression model.