TABLE 2.

Linear multilevel regression models for associations of perceived changes in four dimensions of religiosity with flourishing and each of its domains (N = 1,480).

Exposure	Criterion
	Flourishing	Life satisfaction and happiness	Mental and physical health	Meaning and purpose	Character and virtue	Close social relationships
	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]
Change in religious importance
Decrease (vs. no change)	−1.11*** [−1.45, −0.77]	−0.81*** [−1.15, −0.47]	−0.90*** [−1.24, −0.56]	−1.08*** [−1.43, −0.74]	−0.79*** [−1.65, −0.64]	−0.80*** [−1.14, −0.45]
Increase (vs. no change)	−0.01 [−0.11, 0.13]	−0.04 [−0.15, 0.08]	0.02 [−0.14, 0.10]	−0.01 [−0.13, 0.11]	0.06 [−0.06, 0.18]	0.03 [−0.09, 0.15]
Change in frequency of prayer
Decrease (vs. no change)	−0.60*** [−0.79, −0.40]	−0.40*** [−0.60, −0.20]	−0.56*** [−0.76, −0.37]	−0.57*** [−0.77, −0.37]	−0.36*** [−0.57, −0.16]	−0.45*** [−0.65, −0.25]
Increase (vs. no change)	−0.08 [−0.19, 0.02]	−0.12* [−0.23, −0.01]	−0.12* [−0.23, −0.01]	−0.04 [−0.15, 0.06]	−0.01 [−0.12, 0.10]	−0.04 [−0.15, 0.07]
Change in frequency of religious service attendance
Decrease (vs. no change)	−0.22*** [−0.32, −0.11]	−0.22*** [−0.33, −0.11]	−0.21*** [−0.32, −0.11]	−0.18*** [−0.29, −0.07]	−0.06 [−0.17, 0.05]	−0.17*** [−0.28, −0.06]
Increase (vs. no change)	−0.20* [−0.35, −0.05]	−0.15 [−0.30, 0.00]	−0.23* [−0.38, −0.07]	−0.13 [−0.29, 0.02]	−0.09 [−0.25, 0.07]	−0.18* [−0.33, −0.02]
Change in sense of connectedness to one’s faith community
Decrease (vs. no change)	−0.44*** [−0.55, −0.32]	−0.36*** [−0.48, −0.25]	−0.32*** [−0.43, −0.21]	−0.36*** [−0.48, −0.25]	−0.13* [−0.25, −0.01]	−0.50*** [−0.61, −0.38]
Increase (vs. no change)	−0.08 [−0.21, 0.05]	−0.07 [−0.20, 0.06]	−0.11 [−0.25, 0.02]	−0.09 [−0.23, 0.04]	0.01 [−0.12, 0.15]	−0.05 [−0.18, 0.08]

β = standardized regression coefficients, CI = confidence interval. Each criterion variable was regressed on perceived change in each dimension of religiosity in separate models. Linear multilevel (ordinary least) squares regressions were used to estimate associations of perceived changes in each dimension of religiosity with flourishing and each of its domains. All models adjusted for gender, age, marital status, education, household income, political party identification, and frequency of religious service attendance before the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on missing data imputations, all models have a constant sample size of 1,480 (Mental Health in Congregations Study, 2020, Washington, D.C., United States).

*p < 0.05 before but not after Bonferroni correction, ***p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction (the p-value cut-off for Bonferroni correction was 0.05/24 = 0.002 for each outcome).