TABLE 1.
In vitro immunomodulatory activity of physalins.
| References | Physalins | Main results |
|---|---|---|
| Soares et al. (2003) | B, D, F, and G | Physalins B, F, or G, but not D, inhibited NO production by macrophages. In addition, physalin B inhibited TNF, IL-6, and IL-12 production by macrophages |
| Jacobo-Herrera et al. (2006) | B, D, and F | Physalins B and F, but not D inhibited NFκB activation |
| Soares et al. (2006) | B, D, F, and G | Physalins B, F or G, but not D, inhibited lymphroproliferation induced by Con A. In addition, physalin B inhibited lymphroproliferation in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction and IL-2 production |
| Brustolim et al. (2010) | F | Physalin F did not promote the translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus |
| Yu et al. (2010) | H | Inhibition of lymphroproliferation induced by con A and by the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction. Also, a decrease of IL-2, IFNy, and increase of IL-4, IL-10, and HO-1 production |
| Ji et al. (2012) | A, G, L, O, and isophysalin A | Inhibition LPS-induced NO production by macrophages |
| Pinto et al. (2010) | F | Inhibition of lymphroproliferation of PBMC in HAM/TSP subjects and reduction of the levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, and IFN-γ, but not IL-17A, in supernatants of PBMC cultures |
| Sun et al. (2017a) | V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX | Inhibition LPS-induced NO production by macrophages |
| Sun et al. (2017b) | X and aromaphysalin B | Inhibition LPS-induced NO production by macrophages |
| Yang et al. (2017) | E | Inhibition of TNF and IL-6 expression and secretion and NF-κβ nuclear translocation on macrophages cultures |
| Ding et al. (2019) | D | Regulation of macrophage M1/M2 polarization via the STAT1/6 pathway |
| Qiu et al. (2008) | G, I, W, X, Y, Z, and II | Inhibition LPS-induced NO production by macrophages |
| Lin et al. (2020) | A | Inhibition of PGE2, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and suppression of JNK/AP-1 and IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | B | Reduction of the levels of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells |
| Wang et al. (2021a) | A | Reduction of the release of NO, PGE2 and TNF by blocking the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway |
AP-1, activator protein-1; Con A, concanavalin A; HAM/TSP, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IFN- γ, Interferon gamma; IκB, Ikappa B kinase; IL-1β, Interleukin-1 beta; IL-2, Interleukin-2; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-10, Interleukin-10; IL-12, Interleukin-12; IL-17A, Interleukin-17A; JNK; c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO, nitric oxide; STAT1, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STAT6, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.