TABLE 2.
In vivo immunomodulatory activity of physalins.
| References | Physalins | Route/dose | Model | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soares et al. (2003) | B, F, and G | I.P./0.5 or 1 mg/kg | Endotoxic shock-induced by LPS in BALB/c mice | Physalins, especially physalin B, protected mice against a lethal lipopolysaccharide challenge |
| Vieira et al. (2005) | B and F | S.C./2–20 mg/kg | Intestinal ischaemia in C57BL/6 mice and reperfusion injury | Physalins prevented neutrophil influx and the increase in vascular permeability in the intestine and lungs. In addition, inhibited TNF production and increased IL-10 levels |
| Soares et al. (2006) | B, F, and G | Oral/1 mg/kg | Allogeneic transplant rejection model in BALB/c mice | Physalin B, F, or G prevented the rejection of allogeneic heterotopic heart transplant |
| Brustolim et al. (2010) | F | Oral/20 mg/kg | Collagen-induced arthritis model in DBA/1 mice | Decreased in paw edema and joint inflammation |
| Brustolim et al. (2010) | F | Oral/60 mg/kg | Allergic airway inflammation-induced by ovalbumin in BALB/c mice | Non effect in allergic airway inflammation |
| Pinto et al. (2010) | E | T.A./0.125, 0.25, and 5 mg/ear | TPA and oxazolone-induced dermatitis in Swiss mice | Reduction of ear edema/thickness, TNF, IFN-ɣ, NF-κB, and MPO activity |
| Yu et al. (2010) | H | I.P./4.4, 8.8, and 17.6 mg/kg | DNFB-induced delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in BALB/c mice | Physalin H dose-dependently suppressed CD4+ T cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and suppressed antigen-specific T-cell response in OVA immunized mice |
| Lin et al. (2020) | A | I.P./2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg | Carrageenan-induced paw edema in ICR mice | Reduction of paw edema accompanied by NO, MDA, and TNF decrease. In addition, antioxidant factor levels (SOD, CAT and GPx) were all increased by the treated with physalin A |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | B | I.P./10 or 20 mg/kg | Acute colitis-induced by DSS in BALB/c mice | Treatment with physalin B ameliorated clinical features of ulcerative colitis through modulation of NF-κB pathway and related pathways |
| Wang et al. (2021b) | A | Gastric perfusion/5, 10, and 20 mg/kg | Carrageenan-induced paw edema in SD rats and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability in KM mice | Reduction paw edema and the vascular permeability in a dose-dependent manner |
CAT, catalase; CD4; cluster of differentiation 4; DNFB, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL-10, Interleukin-10; I.P., intraperitoneal route; MDA, malondialdehyde; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; OVA; ovalbumin; S.C., subcutaneous; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor T.A., topical application; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.