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. 2022 Apr 15;12:6294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10293-x

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mitoxantrone inhibits spike- and ACE2-mediated membrane fusion. (A) A scheme of the membrane fusion assay. (Created by Biorender.com). (B) Mitoxantrone inhibits spike and ACE2-mediated membrane fusion. Effect cells (EC) and target cells (TC) transfected with the indicated plasmids were mixed in equal numbers and cultured in the absence (panels 1–3) or presence (panel 4) of Mitoxantrone (1 μM) for 90 min. Cells were fixed and imaged by confocal microscopy. Panel 5 shows an enlarged view of the boxed area in panel 3. Arrows in panel 4 show example of unfused target cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. (C) Quantification of the experiments shown in (B). The left panel shows the number of unfused cells/field, while the right panel shows the number of nuclei/syncytium. ****, p < 0.0001 by unpaired student’s t-test. n = 2 independent experiments.